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Dooly’s Fort John Dooly’s Fort is mentioned in several Revolutionary War pension applications. Dooly’s Fort was located on the Savannah River in original Wilkes County, or present-day Lincoln County. Not long before the American Revolution, John Dooly acquired a 500 acre plantation on the Savannah River at the mouth of Soap Creek. His fort was probably located on that plantation, which Dooly called “Egypt.” The remains of Dooly’s Fort may be located on the present-day Elijah Clark State Park but they have not been identified archeologically (Hitz 1956:265; Davis 1983:163; 2006a; Davis and Thomas 1975:133-174; Footnote.com 2008 [John Collins R2179; David H. Thurmond S32010; Moses Perkins S3677; John Smith R9769; Daniel Sutherland (Southerland) W6608]). Three members of the Dooly family fought with the Wilkes County militia—Thomas, John and George. Thomas Dooly was killed in a skirmish with Creek Indians in 1777. John Dooly commanded the Wilkes County militia regiment until the capture of Charleston in May, 1780. He returned to his home on parole but was killed by a band of Tories at his home soon afterward. His brother, George Dooly continued to serve in the Georgia militia after the death of John Dooly. Fulsom’s Fort Captain Benjamin Fulsam (Fulsom) built a fort in Wilkes County, prior to 1777. Captain Fulsam and his company were attacked near this fort in 1778 and Fulsam and seven of his company were killed. The fort was rebuilt and was again was attacked and destroyed in 1779 by Loyalist Indians, commanded by David Taitt. Private James Culbreath attested in his pension application that he had served under Captain Reed in 1777, “at Fulsom’s fort against them [Creek Indians] there also three weeks” (Davis 1983:165; Davis and Thomas 1975:134; Footnote.com 2008 [James Wood W4405; James Culbreath S8271]). Private James Wood also served at Fulsom’s Fort. Fulsoms Creek is located in present-day Hancock County, northwest of Jewell, Georgia. This area is rural and mostly in timber land. Gunnell’s Fort Captain Daniel Gunnell established a fort on Sandy Creek in Wilkes County. This fort was in existence in 1779, when colonels Pickens and Dooly met there after defeating David Taitt and the Loyalist Indians (Davis and Thomas 1975:134; Footnote.com 2008 [Micajah Brooks W27694]). Slaton (1996:3, 11) described the approximate geographic location of Daniel Gunnell’s homestead, which may be the same location as one of the Gunnell’s Forts. The possible location of Captain John Gunnell’s fort was not determined. Heard’s Forts Possibly three or more forts in Wilkes County bore the name Heard’s Fort. The patriarch of the Heards in Georgia was John Heard. John Heard was born in Hanover County, Virginia in 1740. Heard moved his family to Georgia in 1759, settling on Fishing Creek about 45 miles from Augusta, Georgia (Cook 2005:40). In 1759, Fishing Creek was Indian land and it was not ceded to the Crown until 1773. In 1773 and 1774 John Heard’s Fort was built at the confluence of Anderson’s Mill Creek and Fishing Creek (Slaton 1996:10-11; McGee 2008). This area is presently in timber land, known as the Heard’s Fort Tract. A skirmish at this fort resulted in three Patriots becoming trapped and killed by Tories. According to local tradition, these men were buried nearby and their graves were later displaced in the 1840s by a strong freshet. The skeletal remains were reburied, possibly in the Heard family cemetery, which was located nearby (Mary Bondurant Warren personal communication, January 1, 2009). Willingham noted that he had visited this particularly Heard Fort site and that trace of it were visible (Robert Willingham personal communication February 1, 2009). This location is currently vegetated in 16 year old pine forest (McGee 2008). John Heard’s sons, including Stephen and Barnard, commanded companies of Wilkes County militia in the American Revolution. Stephen Heard was the most prominent of the Heard family, serving as Governor of Georgia in 1780-1781. Stephen Heard received a grant for 150 acres near the mouth of Little River in 1760. Stephen Heard’s Fort was a Wilkes County Patriot militia fort located on Stephen Heard’s property. 106
The location of Stephen Heard’s fort is the subject of some debate. Some scholars place it in the general vicinity of present-day Washington, Georgia, approximately eight miles northeast of the Kettle Creek battlefield. Sherwood (1860:140) states that Heard’s Fort was created (in Washington, Georgia) in 1774 to protect against Indian intrusions. At the age of 81, former Private Jacob Mercer provided additional information. Mercer stated in 1834, That he was living in the frontiers of Georgia in Wilkes County and was called out into Service for a term of 6 months to defend and protect the frontiers and to build a line of forts; That he entered the service in September 1777 in the company of Captain Heard, the Regiment was commanded by Colonel Dooley, the whole under the Command of General Elijah Clark, and served until March 1778 and was discharged, we built at that time a line of Forts from the Ogeechee, to the Savannah River -- say 12 or 14 forts. On 2 April 1778 he was again drafted, for a tour of 2 months, the Company was commanded by Captain Richard Heard, the Regiment by Colonel Dooley -- the whole rendezvoused at Heard's Fort Wilkes County Georgia (Footnote.com 2008 [Jacob Mercer S31862]). None of the Heard’s Forts have been explored archeologically and they would be interesting subjects of further study (Davis 1983:163; Footnote.com 2008 [John G. Heard R4822; Evans Haines W8897; Solomon Mitchell W181; Daniel Sutherland (Southerland) W6608]). Hill’s Fort/Fort Martin Captain John Hill established a fort for his Wilkes County militia company on Long Creek in Wilkes County (present-day Warren County). Hill’s Fort was mentioned in two pension applications and one letter from a Georgia governor. One pension applicant stated that Joseph Mimms was killed in an attack at Hill’s Fort (Footnote.com 2008 [Micajah Brooks W27694; William Brooks R1263]; Davis 1983:164; Davis and Thomas 1975:134). Captain John Hill conducted a muster of his company at “Fort Martin on the frontier” on May 1, 1782. Georgia Governor John Martin wrote a letter to “Capt. John Hill, Fort Martin, Wilkes County” on August 27, 1782 (Davis 1979a; Martin 1782, in Georgia Historical Society 1917; 321-322). Hinton’s Fort Hinton’s Fort was on Chickasaw Creek in Wilkes County, which is a tributary of the Broad River and located more than 20 miles north of Kettle Creek. Hinton’s Fort has not been located archeologically but would be situated near the Norman community (Davis 1983:162; Davis and Thomas 1975:134). Hinton’s Fort is cited by Sergeant David H. Thurmond, Wilkes County militia, in 1833. Thurmond noted that the fort was the immediate destination of the Wilkes County militia after the battle of Kettle Creek (Footnote.com 2008 [David H. Thurmond, S32010]). It is also mentioned by Private Elijah Cloud (Morgan 1975:3). Hinton’s Fort is an excellent candidate for archeological discovery, since Chickasaw Creek has a relatively small catchment area and the Chickasaw Creek watershed is presently rural with mostly timber land, pasture and cultivated fields. Kerr’s Fort Kerr’s Fort is reported to have been located on the Broad River nearly opposite the mouth of Long Creek. It was located near Nail’s Fort. Kerr’s Fort was in existence in 1778. The similarity of Carr’s Fort and Kerr’s Fort, if indeed there were two separate forts, has cause some confusion (Ashmore and Olmstead 1926:91; Davis and Thomas 1975:135; Footnote.com 2008 [John Bynum S3111]). The location described above would place the ruins of Kerr’s Fort in present-day Elbert County, south of the Bell community. Kiokee Fort Kiokee Fort is mentioned in the pension application of Alexander Smith. Most of Kiokee Creek is located in Columbia County, southeast of Wilkes County. Alexander Smith noted in his pension claim that Kiokee Fort was in Columbia County (Davis 1983:165; Footnote.com 2008 [Alexander Smith S16530]). 107
Page 1 and 2:
Stirring Up a Hornet’s Nest: The
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BTable of Contents Table of Content
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Figure 42. Composite Map Showing Ar
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BAcknowledgements Thanks to the sta
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� Live Oak Library, Bull Street B
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was short by at least 30 men, in ad
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Published sources included: � All
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� Hays (1946, 1950) � Hill (192
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for any materials from North Caroli
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The North Carolina Archives was als
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Figure 2. Kettle Creek Battlefield
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Fifteen activity loci were defined
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BPREVIOUS HISTORICAL RESEARCH BIII.
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eceived, that a body of the loyalis
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his militia; and finding that he co
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Alexander Garden, a Revolutionary W
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them. Lossing visited Savannah, Geo
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position. Colonel Boyd defended the
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stand a large tree, Walnut I think,
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Mr. William Lake, a newspaper man f
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etc. of the war period but there ar
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� John Newton--1784 till 1796.
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Table 1. Timeline of Significant En
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A detachment of North Carolina mili
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Table 4. South Carolina and North C
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Table 5. Georgia Militiamen Who Fou
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Figure 8. General Andrew Pickens (S
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BColonel John Dooly Colonel John Do
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his family, along with several hund
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Figure 9. Portrait of Elijah Clarke
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Greene County, Georgia in 1788 (Kni
Page 66 and 67: BCaptain Joseph Collins Joseph Coll
Page 68 and 69: Table 7. Captain Robert Carr's Comp
Page 70 and 71: egiment has survived (Davis 1979a).
Page 72 and 73: ecame Rowan County, North Carolina.
Page 74 and 75: Creek, fought and Defeated them the
Page 76 and 77: horses and cows which the Indians h
Page 78 and 79: BPrivate Micajah Brooks, Sr. Privat
Page 80 and 81: the rank of colonel at the time of
Page 82 and 83: BPrivate John McClaskey Private Joh
Page 84 and 85: of a broken leg. He joined the Sout
Page 86 and 87: BOTHER PATRIOTS LINKED TO KETTLE CR
Page 88 and 89: John Finley entered the service of
Page 90 and 91: Private Henry Mayner Private Henry
Page 92 and 93: Table 8. Known Loyalists in Battle
Page 94 and 95: One family of Boyds was living in t
Page 96 and 97: SPURGEON, WILLIAM. Of North Carolin
Page 98 and 99: Fort and Boyd’s defeat under a si
Page 100 and 101: for 200 acres in 1756 and by 1761 h
Page 102 and 103: North Carolina Regiment. John Marti
Page 104 and 105: in 1779 and was promoted to a Lieut
Page 106 and 107: Almost all of the Loyalists who wer
Page 108 and 109: Figure 82. Portion of Davis' Redraf
Page 110 and 111: Figure 15. Portion of U.S.G.S. Quad
Page 112 and 113: Figure 18. 1942 Aerial Photograph S
Page 114 and 115: Cowan’s Ferry Cowan’s Ferry was
Page 118 and 119: Knox’s Fort/Cherokee Corner/Gourd
Page 120 and 121: That he enlisted in the Army of the
Page 122 and 123: The rock dwelling of Thomas Ansley
Page 124 and 125: Joseph White, a North Carolinian wi
Page 126 and 127: The Williamses Rowland Williams was
Page 128 and 129: Henry Thomas Slaton was unmarried a
Page 130 and 131: Book G: 98). The land had been prev
Page 132 and 133: Robert McGinty and his wife, Debora
Page 134 and 135: ecorded on December 7, 1773 at Wrig
Page 136 and 137: 126
Page 138 and 139: Figure 29 is a schematic showing th
Page 140 and 141: Figure 26. Kettle Creek Immediately
Page 142 and 143: Locus A 132 Figure 30. Kettle Creek
Page 144 and 145: Locus C Locus C is situated on the
Page 146 and 147: an animal pen that was maintained b
Page 148 and 149: systematic shovel testing). The pro
Page 150 and 151: Figure 33. Selected Arms Group Arti
Page 152 and 153: Figure 35. Selected Clothing, Perso
Page 154 and 155: Three main types of refined earthen
Page 156 and 157: Figure 37. Distribution of Arms Gro
Page 158 and 159: ullets that struck organic targets
Page 160 and 161: The concentration of fire of the la
Page 162 and 163: lead supplies during the war. Fort
Page 164 and 165: of South Carolina militia, witnesse
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Tobacco Group The survey yielded no
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Figure 40. Distribution of Activiti
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BEXECUTIVE SUMMARY BVI. Summary and
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Colonel Dooly and Lieutenant Colone
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might have turned in their favor. O
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corridor should be at least 1,000 f
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Figure 46. Core Area of Kettle Cree
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Babits, L. E. 1998 A Devil of a Whi
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Cary, John 1806 A New Map of Part o
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1994 DeBolt's Dictionary of America
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Garden, Alexander 1822 Anecdotes of
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Hartgrove, W.B. 1916 The Negro Sold
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1857 Nancy Hart [Engraving], in Nan
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2004 Roster of Revolutionary Soldie
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Newman, D.L., and D.N. Ham 1974 Lis
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1986 The New York Loyalists. Univer
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1996 Vanishing Sites of Old Wilkes.
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1910 Monument to Commemorate Battle
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n.d. Unsigned Account of Revolution
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Appendix 1. Artifact Inventory, Ket
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PP# Northing Easting Northing Easti
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Appendix II. Kettle Creek Roster. S
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Surname Name Rank Army Regiment/Bat
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