Sino-Iranica - The Search For Mecca

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iv Contents, \{ Page Cassia Pods and Carob 420 Narcissus 427 The Balm of Gilead 429 Note on the Language of Fu-lin 435 The Water-Melon 438 Fenugreek 446 Nux-Vomica 448 The Carrot 451 Aromatics 455 Spikenard, p. 455.— Storax, p. 456.—Myrrh, p. 460.— Putchuck, p. 462.— Styrax benjoin, p. 464. The Malayan Po-se and Its Products 468 Alum, p. 474.— Lac, p. 475.— Camphor, p. 478.— Aloes, p. 480.— Amomum, p. 481.— P, o-lo-te, p. 482.— Psoralea, p. 483.—Ebony, p. 485. Persian Textiles 488 Brocades, p. 488.— Rugs, p. 492.— Yue no, p. 493.— Woolen §tuSs, p. 496.— Asbestos, p. 498. Iranian Minerals, Metals, and Precious Stones . . . 503 Borax, p. 503.— Sal Ammoniac, p. 503.— Litharge, p. 508.— Gold, p. 509.— Oxides of Copper, p. 510.— Colored Salt, p. 511.— Zinc, p. 511.—-Steel, p. 515.— Se-se, p. 516.— Emerald, p. 518.— Turquois, p. 519.— Lapis Lazuli, p. 520.— Diamond, p. 521.— Amber, p. 521.— Coral, p. 523.— Bezoar, p. 525. Titles Of the Sasanian Government 529 Irano-Sinica 535 The Square Bamboo, p. 535.— Silk, p. 537.— Peach and Apricot, p. 539.— Cinnamon, p. 541.— Zedoary, p. 544.— Ginger, p. 545.— Mamiran, p. 546.— Rhubarb, p. 547.— Salsola, p. 551.— Emblic Myrobalan, p. 551.— Althaea, p. 551.— Rose of China, p. 551.—Mango, p. 552.— Sandal, p. 552.— Birch, p. 552.—Tea, p. 553.— Onyx, p. 554.— Tootnague, p. 555.— Saltpetre, p. 555.— Kaolin, p. 556.— Smilax pseudochina, p. 556.— Rag-paper, p. 557.— Paper Money, p. 559.— Chinese Loan-Words in Persian, p. 564.—The Chinese in the Alexander Romance, p. 570. Appendix I Iranian Elements in Mongol 572 Appendix II Appendix III Chinese Elements in Turki The Indian Elements in the Persian Pharma- 577 cology of Abu Mansur Muwaffaq . . . Appendix IV The Basil • • 580 Appendix V Additional Notes on Loan-Words in Tibetan 591 General Index 599 Botanical Index Index of Words > 617 621 v 5^^ rl
Sino-Iranica By Berthold Laufer INTRODUCTION If we knew as much about the culture of ancient Iran as about ancient Egypt or Babylonia, or even as much as about India or China, our notions of cultural developments in Asia would probably be widely different from what they are at present. The few literary remains left to us in the Old-Persian inscriptions and in the Avesta are insufficient to retrace an adequate picture of Iranian life and civilization; and, although the records of the classical authors add a few touches here and there to this fragment, any attempts at reconstruction, even combined with these sources, will remain unsatisfactory. During the last decade or so, thanks to a benign dispensation of fate, the Iranian horizon has considerably widened: important discoveries made in Chinese Turkistan have revealed an abundant literature in two hitherto unknown Iranian languages, — the Sogdian and the so-called Eastern ' 1 Iranian. We now know that Iranian peoples once covered an immense territory, extending all over Chinese Turkistan, migrating into China, coming in contact with Chinese, and exerting a profound influence on nations of other stock, notably Turks and Chinese. The Iranians were the great mediators between the West and the East, conveying the heritage of Hellenistic ideas to central and eastern Asia and trans- mitting valuable plants and goods of China to the Mediterranean area. Their activity is of world-historical significance, but without the records of the Chinese we should be unable to grasp the situation thoroughly. The Chinese were positive utilitarians and always interested in matters of reality: they have bequeathed to us a great amount of useful information on Iranian plants, products, animals, minerals, customs, and institutions, which is bound to be of great service to science. The following pages represent Chinese contributions to the history of civilization in Iran, which aptly fill a lacune in our knowledge of Iranian tradition. Chinese records dealing with the history of Iranian peoples also contain numerous transcriptions of ancient Iranian words, 1 Cf., for instance, P. Pelliot, Influences iraniennes en Asie centrale et en Extreme-Orient (Paris, 191 1). 185
Page 2 and 3: #* "LI B R.AR.Y' OF THE UNIVERSITY
Page 5: Publications OF FIELD MUSEUM OF NAT
Page 9: Field Museum of Natural History Pub
Page 14 and 15: 1 86 Sino-Iranica part of which hav
Page 16 and 17: 1 88 Sino-Iranica most advanced and
Page 18 and 19: ioo Sino-Iranica number of addition
Page 20 and 21: 192 Sino-Iranica It has been my end
Page 22 and 23: 194 Sino-Iranica scented mint is Va
Page 24 and 25: 196 Sino-Iranica by the people of K
Page 26 and 27: 198 Sino-Iranica Kamchatka, and the
Page 28 and 29: 200 Sino-Iranica attribute Hu, it m
Page 30 and 31: 202 Sino-Iranica some vaguely defin
Page 32 and 33: 204 Sino-Iranica of important plant
Page 34 and 35: 206 Sino-Iranica since his days Ori
Page 36 and 37: ALFALFA I. The earliest extant lite
Page 38 and 39: 210 Sino-Iranica acted as mediators
Page 40 and 41: 212 Sino-Iranica very well aware of
Page 42 and 43: 214 Sino-Iranica *suk, stand for Za
Page 44 and 45: 216 Sino-Iranica 3. Trigonella f&nu
Page 46 and 47: «i8 Sino-Iranica and Hemsley 1 giv
Page 48 and 49: THE GRAPE-VINE 2. The grape-vine (V
Page 50 and 51: 222 SlNO-lRANICA age. 1 When the So
Page 52 and 53: 224 Sino-Iranica vine, as we call i
Page 54 and 55: 226 Sino-Iranica Hirth 1 endorsed K
Page 56 and 57: 228 Sino-Iranica have applied a Per
Page 58 and 59: t$o Sino-Iranica of grape. Accordin
Page 60 and 61: 232 Sino-Iranica they do not know i
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«34 Sino-Iranica A recipe for maki
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236 Sino-Iranica distilled from the
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«38 Sino-Iranica wine in the same
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240 Sino-Iranica ported from Pa-lai
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242 Tavernier 1 Sino-Iranica states
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244 Sino-Iranica but is an entirely
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THE PISTACHIO 3. Pistacia is a genu
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248 Sino-Iranica ?). Persians 3£ $
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t$o Sino-Iranica gwan, gwana, for P
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252 Sino-Iranica Again, the Persian
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THE WALNUT 4. The Buddhist dictiona
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256 Sino-Iranica The New-Persian na
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258 Sino-Iranica B.C." 1 In Hehn's
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260 Sino-Iranica of Su Tsun 1£ $t
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262 Sino-Iranica much. The tree is
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264 Sino-Iranica 3$i # 13. * Anothe
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*66 Sino-Iranica all the district a
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268 Sino-Iranica tion is quite to t
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tyo Sino-Iranica is one of the most
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272 Sino-Iranica specific case apt
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a74 Sino-Iranica abbreviated name o
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THE POMEGRANATE 5. A. de Candolle 1
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278 Sino-Iranica They take out of t
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280 Sino-Iranica are the particular
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282 Sino-Iranica are smaller and pa
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284 Sino-Iranica dana ("grain, berr
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286 Sino-Iranica likewise from Iran
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SESAME AND FLAX 6. In A. de Candoll
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290 Sino-Iranica Herodotus 1 emphas
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292 Sino-Iranica San-tan Ji $& (sou
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[ 294 Sino-Iranica (Iranians and In
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296 Sino-Iranica jS ffc (Japanese n
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298 Sino-Iranica the character swi
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THE CUCUMBER 9. Another dogma of th
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CHIVE, ONION, AND SHALLOT 10. Altho
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304 Sino-Iranica In its appearance
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306 Sino-Iranica fix approximately
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308 Sino-Iranica Ming, 1 which stat
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310 Sino-Iranica that our genus Cur
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312 Sino-Iranica fron." 1 It is bor
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314 Sino-Iranica £m and ma-lu, are
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316 Sino-Iranica with this dye. Abu
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318 Sino-Iranica The last clause me
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320 Sino-Iranica maunds, or 3200 Kh
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322 Sino-Iranica the reproduction o
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SAFFLOWER that the cultivation of (
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326 Sino-Iranica f? J£ $t, in his
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328 Sino-Iranica make abundant use
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330 Sino-Iranica that at this early
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332 Sino-Iranica Sanskrit mallikd (
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HENNA 19. It is well known that the
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336 Sino-Iranica H Ht 1 by Cou Mi f
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338 Sino-Iranica seems more likely
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340 Sino-Iranica cattle and horses.
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342 Sino-Iranica exclusively as a t
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344 Sino-Iranica of Persia, furnish
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346 Sino-Iranica bling those of an
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348 Sino-Iranica in India guzangabi
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350 Sino-Iranica yield, under the p
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352 Sino-Iranica according to his s
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354 Sino-Iranica f&tidum). 1 It is
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356 Sino-Iranica was Garcia da Orta
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358 Sino-Iranica pots and drinking
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360 Sino-Iranica pie $wo about a.d.
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362 when the Mongols Sino-Iranica i
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364 Sino-Iranica by Theophrastus: 1
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366 Sino-Iranica countered by Buhse
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368 Sino-Iranica where they are sty
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INDIGO 25. As indicated by our word
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RICE 26. While rice is at present a
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PEPPER 27. The pepper-plant (hu tsi
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SUGAR 28. The sugar-cane (Saccharum
Page 206 and 207:
MYROBALAN 29. The myrobalan Termina
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BRASSICA 32. Of the two species of
Page 210 and 211:
382 Sino-Iranica "Man-tsin occurs [
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384 Sino-Iranica carui), however, i
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386 Sino-Iranica and first occurs i
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388 Sino-Iranica a number of hetero
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390 Sino-Iranica giraffes. 1 It lik
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THE SPINACH 36. In regard to the sp
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394 Sino-Iranica Emperor T'ai Tsun
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396 Sino-Iranica espinaca, Portugue
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398 Sino-Iranica or Palaka 1 as the
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400 Sino-Iranica Caspian Sea and Pe
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402 Sino-Iranica kit." 1 These are
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404 Sino-Iranica gathered, and eith
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406 Sino-Iranica province of Gujara
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408 Sino-Iranica China. Bunge says
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THE FIG 42. The fig (Ficus carted)
Page 240 and 241:
412 Sino-Iranica fruit on its inter
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414 Sino-Iranica comprises nearly a
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416 Sino-Iranica Schlimmer 1 says t
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4i 8 Sino-Iranica pao pen is'ao (wr
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CASSIA PODS AND CAROB 44. In his Pe
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422 Sino-Iranica When I had establi
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424 Sino-Iranica passage: the two t
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426 Sino-Iranica extent, west of th
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428 Sino-Iranica loan-word), denoti
Page 258 and 259:
430 Sino-Iranica qfofalsmdn is deri
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432 Sino-Iranica are placed beneath
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434 Sino-Iranica Ferdinand Verbiest
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436 Sino-Iranica connected with our
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THE WATER-MELON 49. This Cucurbitac
Page 268 and 269:
440 Sino-Iranica The man who introd
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442 Sino-Iranica fruit is inferior
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444 Sino-Iranica call it Batiec Ind
Page 274 and 275:
FENUGREEK 50. In regard to the fenu
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NUX-VOMICA 51. The nux-vomica or st
Page 278 and 279:
45° Sino-Iranica Services of Cochi
Page 280 and 281:
452 tinued to cultivate it in Engla
Page 282 and 283:
454 Sino-Iranica name HaSqdqul, whi
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456 Sino-Ira*tica According to Stua
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458 Sino-Iranica strongest evidence
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460 Sino-Iranica from a tree growin
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462 Sino-Iranica Theophrastus 1 men
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464 Sino-Iranica K'un-lun of the So
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466 Sino-Iranica product may be exp
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THE MALAYAN PO-SE AND ITS PRODUCTS
Page 298 and 299:
470 Sino-Iranica and people P'o-lo-
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472 Sino-Iranica had brought tribut
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474 Sino-Iranica Lambesi; i.e., Bes
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476 Sino-Iranica king) 1 there are
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478 • Sino-Iranica The question h
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480 Sino-Iranica the countries beyo
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482 " l :2c M 3=L . Sino-Iranica Ac
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484 Sino-Iranica also in Ho-cou & '
Page 314 and 315:
486 Sino-Iranica that the character
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PERSIAN TEXTILES 69. Brocades, that
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490 Sino-Iranica is not part of the
Page 320 and 321:
492 Sino-Iranica and the latter a f
Page 322 and 323:
494 Sino-Iranica In the T'ang Annal
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496 Sino-Iranica Yuan H, Ibn Batata
Page 326 and 327:
498 Sino-Iranica so that the Chines
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500 Sino-Iranica text to this effec
Page 330 and 331:
502 Sino-Iranica study on the histo
Page 332 and 333:
504 Sino-Iranica the Chinese. F. de
Page 334 and 335:
506 Sino-Iranica be a product of K'
Page 336 and 337:
508 Sino-Iranica The Tibetans appea
Page 338 and 339:
510 Sino-Iranica The Ko ku yao lun
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512 Sino-Iranica swi H hi M st£ Wl
Page 342 and 343:
514 Sino-Iranica to import the allo
Page 344 and 345:
516 Sino-Iranica character pin has
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518 Sino-Iranica se-se of the T'ang
Page 348 and 349:
520 Sino-Iranica Yun-nan Province.
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522 Sino-Iranica ninth and the tent
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524 Sino-Iranica Chinese learned of
Page 354 and 355:
526 Pelliot. 1 Sino-Iranica by Pell
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528 Sino-Iranica of curing any dise
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530 Sino-Iranica tained in the Sui
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532 Sino-Iranica may justly be infe
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534 Sino-Iranica }ft ^ or Cu-wu Ek
Page 364 and 365:
536 Sino-Iranica for staves, the sm
Page 366 and 367:
538 Sino-Iranica nian, loan-word fr
Page 368 and 369:
540 Sino-Iranica ("yellow plum")- 1
Page 370 and 371:
542 Sino-Iranica The descriptions g
Page 372 and 373:
544 Sino-Iranica or the attribution
Page 374 and 375:
546 Sino-Iranica KokovT^ia, xauXtfe
Page 376 and 377:
548 Sino-Iranica and Turkish, likew
Page 378 and 379:
550 Sino-Iranica San-fu-ts'i (Palem
Page 380 and 381:
552 Sino-Iranica judging from what
Page 382 and 383:
554 Sino-Iranica sio, in the posthu
Page 384 and 385:
556 Sino-Iranica ihelg as-sin ("Chi
Page 386 and 387:
558 Sino-Iranica Karabacek and Hoer
Page 388 and 389:
560 Sino-Iranica 1 paper bank-notes
Page 390 and 391:
562 Sino-Iranica petits. . . . On l
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564 Sino-Iranica spread to Central
Page 394 and 395:
566 Sino-Iranica cussed by me in tw
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568 Sino-Iranica _ The term pi-si h
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570 Sino-Iranica laws, that a Chine
Page 400 and 401:
Appendix I IRANIAN ELEMENTS IN MONG
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574 Sino-Iranica possible to prove
Page 404 and 405:
576 Sino-Iranica 22. Mongol Hkar, H
Page 406 and 407:
578 Sino-Iranica Chinese Swi-hien ^
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Appendix III THE INDIAN ELEMENTS IN
Page 410 and 411:
582 Sino-Iranica p. 54) explains th
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584 Sino-Iranica remedy." Achundow
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Appendix IV THE BASIL I propose to
Page 416 and 417:
588 Sino-Iranica Ainslie, 1 the pla
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590 Sino-Iranica herb. As it is loc
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592 Sino-Iranica does not form part
Page 422 and 423:
594 Sino-Iranica "exempt from taxes
Page 424 and 425:
596 Sino-Iranica 18. pdVi is the co
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GENERAL INDEX The Index contains al
Page 429 and 430:
Tang Annals, 469; nux-vomica of, 44
Page 431 and 432:
Erdmann, F. v., 527. Esposito, M.,
Page 433 and 434:
194-202; salt of the, 201; with ref
Page 435 and 436:
Kwan yu ki, 201, 251, 341, 345, 489
Page 437 and 438:
Mon-ku £i, 295. Mon Han lu, 229, 2
Page 439 and 440:
Pott, F. A., 249, 370, 421, 503, 54
Page 441 and 442:
Stuart, G. A., I95"i97. 200, 216, 2
Page 443 and 444:
Ts'ai Lun, 563. Ts'ai Yin, 281 note
Page 445 and 446:
Abrus precatorius 215 Acacia catech
Page 447 and 448:
Jasminum officinale 329, 332 Jasmin
Page 449 and 450:
INDEX OF WORDS Iranian, Indian, Mon
Page 451 and 452:
yu-kin hiafi 314, 317 yu liu 282 yu
Page 453 and 454:
jarak 404 kalgan 546 kaminan 465 ka
Page 455 and 456:
palanka 397 pippala 435 pippall 374
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