Sino-Iranica - The Search For Mecca

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588 Sino-Iranica Ainslie, 1 the plant was brought to India from Persia, where it is common, by Sir John Malcolm. This is quite possible; but the fact cannot be doubted that the basil was known in India at a much earlier of Sanskrit names for it. Also G. Watt 2 date, for we have a variety holds that the herb is indigenous in Persia and Sind. It is now cultivated throughout tropical India from the Panjab to Burma. The Chinese name of Ocimum basilicum is lo-lo M-W) (*la-lak). It is first described in the Ts'i min yao $u of the sixth century, where it is said that Si Lo (273-333) tabooed the name (on account of the identity of the second character with that in his own name, cf. above, p. 298) and changed it into Ian hiaii U3 W; but T'ao Hun-kin (451-536) mentions it again as lo-lo, and gives as popular designation Si-wah-mu ts'ai Hit ^ ("vegetable of the goddess Si-wan-mu"). The Ts'i min yao Su cites an older work Wei hunfu sii ^ BL 1st M. ("Preface to the Poems of Wei Hun") to the effect that the plant lo-lo grows on the hills of the K'un-lun and comes from the primitive culture of the Western Barbarians ({i} ® i£ £ f&). This appears to be an allusion to foreign origin; nevertheless an introduction from abroad is not hinted at in any of the subsequent herbals. Of these, the Pen ts'ao of theKia-yu period (1056-64) is the first which speaks of the basil as introduced into the materia medica. The name lo-lo has no meaning in Chinese, and at first sight conveys the impression of a foreign word. Each of the two elements is most frequent in transcriptions from the Sanskrit. In fact, one of the Sanskrit names of the basil is karalaka (or karala), and Chinese *la-lak (*ra-lak) corresponds exactly; the first syllable ka- is sometimes dropped in the Indian vernaculars.3 If this coincidence is fortuitous, the accident is extraordinary; but it is hardly possible to believe in an accident of this kind. There is, further, a plant ££ #8 M. Wlfou-lan-lo-lo, *fu (bu)-lan-la-lak, solely mentioned by C'en Ts'an-k'i of the eighth century as growing in Sogdiana (K'an) and resembling the hou-p'o }$ tr (Magnolia hypoleuca) , Japanese hd-no-ki.4 The Pen ts % ao kah mu has therefore placed this notice as an appendix to hou-p'o. This Sogdian plant and its name remain unidentified. At the outset it is most improbable that a Magnolia is involved; this is a typical genus of the far east, which to my knowledge has not yet been traced in any Iranian region. Boissier's kend. 1 Materia Indica, Vol. II, p. 424. 8 Dictionary, Vol. V, p. 441. 8 Cf. for instance kakinduka (" Diospyros tomentosa")— Uriya kendhu, Bengal, * Cen lei pen ts'ao, Ch. 12, p. 56 b; Pen ts'ao kan mu, Ch. 35 A, p. 4; StuartI Chinese Materia Medica, p. 255.
The Basil 589 "Flora Orientalis" does not contain any Magnolia. The foreign name is apparently a compound, the second element of which, lo-lo, is iden- tical with the Indian-Chinese name of the basil, so that it is justifiable to suppose that the entire name denotes an Iranian variety of the basil or another member of the genus Ocimum. The basil is styled in Middle Persian palangamuSk, in New Persian palanmilk, Arabic-Persian falanjmuSk, faranjmuSk, Abu Mansur: x faranjamuik (Armenian p'alangamuSk) the second element mulk or , milk meaning "musk," and the first component denoting anything of a motley color, like a panther or giraffe. The significance of the word, accordingly, is "spotted and musky." This definition is quite plausible, for the leaves of some basils are spotted. John Parkinson, 2 discussing the various names of the basil, remarks, "The first is usually called Ocimum vulgare, or vulgatius, and Ocimutn Citratum. In English, Common or Garden Basill. The other is called Ocimum minimum, or Gario- phyllatum, Clove Basill, or Bush Basill. The last eyther of his place, or forme of his leaves, being spotted and curled, or all, is called Ocimum Indicum maculatum, latifolium and crispum. In English according to the Latine, Indian Basill, broade leafed Basill, spotted or curled Basill, which you please." 3 The Arabic forms are phonetically developed from Persian palan; and it is somewhat surprising that R. Dozy4 explains Arabic jaranjmulk as "musk of the Franks," although he refers to the variants baran] and falanj. While there is a certain resemblance between the Middle-Persian name and our Chinese transcription, I do not believe that the two can be identified. The Chinese calls for an initial sonant and a u-vowel; whereas the Iranian form, as positively corroborated by the Armenian loan-word, is possessed of an initial surd with following a. I am rather inclined to regard *bu-lan as a Sogdian word, and to derive it from Sogdian boda, boban ("perfume"). 5 The name *bu-lan ra-lak would accordingly signify "aromatic basil" (corresponding to our "sweet basil"), the peculiar aroma being the prominent characteristic of the 1 HtJBSCHMANN, Armen. Gram., p. 254. According to others, this word would refer to Ocimum gratissimum, the shrubby basil, but practically this makes no difference, as the properties and employment of the herbs are the same. * Paradisi in sole paradisus terrestris, p. 450 (London, 1629). The technical term of the botanists in describing the leaves is subtus punctata (G. Bentham, Labiatarum genera, p. 5; de Candolle, Prodromus, pars XII, p. 32). Linne (Species plantarum, Vol. I, p. 597. Holmiae, 1753) has Ocymum latifolium maculatum sive crispum. 1 Supplement aux dictionnaires arabes, Vol. II, p. 262. 5 R. Gauthiot, Essai sur le vocalisme du sogdien, pp. 45, 101, 102; F. W. K. MtiLLER, Handschriften-Reste in Estrangelo-Schrift, II, p. 35.
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#* "LI B R.AR.Y' OF THE UNIVERSITY
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Publications OF FIELD MUSEUM OF NAT
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Field Museum of Natural History Pub
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iv Contents, \{ Page Cassia Pods an
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1 86 Sino-Iranica part of which hav
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1 88 Sino-Iranica most advanced and
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ioo Sino-Iranica number of addition
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192 Sino-Iranica It has been my end
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194 Sino-Iranica scented mint is Va
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196 Sino-Iranica by the people of K
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198 Sino-Iranica Kamchatka, and the
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200 Sino-Iranica attribute Hu, it m
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202 Sino-Iranica some vaguely defin
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204 Sino-Iranica of important plant
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206 Sino-Iranica since his days Ori
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ALFALFA I. The earliest extant lite
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210 Sino-Iranica acted as mediators
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212 Sino-Iranica very well aware of
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214 Sino-Iranica *suk, stand for Za
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216 Sino-Iranica 3. Trigonella f&nu
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«i8 Sino-Iranica and Hemsley 1 giv
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THE GRAPE-VINE 2. The grape-vine (V
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222 SlNO-lRANICA age. 1 When the So
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224 Sino-Iranica vine, as we call i
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226 Sino-Iranica Hirth 1 endorsed K
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228 Sino-Iranica have applied a Per
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t$o Sino-Iranica of grape. Accordin
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232 Sino-Iranica they do not know i
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«34 Sino-Iranica A recipe for maki
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236 Sino-Iranica distilled from the
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«38 Sino-Iranica wine in the same
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240 Sino-Iranica ported from Pa-lai
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242 Tavernier 1 Sino-Iranica states
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244 Sino-Iranica but is an entirely
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THE PISTACHIO 3. Pistacia is a genu
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248 Sino-Iranica ?). Persians 3£ $
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t$o Sino-Iranica gwan, gwana, for P
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252 Sino-Iranica Again, the Persian
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THE WALNUT 4. The Buddhist dictiona
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256 Sino-Iranica The New-Persian na
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258 Sino-Iranica B.C." 1 In Hehn's
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260 Sino-Iranica of Su Tsun 1£ $t
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262 Sino-Iranica much. The tree is
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264 Sino-Iranica 3$i # 13. * Anothe
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*66 Sino-Iranica all the district a
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268 Sino-Iranica tion is quite to t
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tyo Sino-Iranica is one of the most
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272 Sino-Iranica specific case apt
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a74 Sino-Iranica abbreviated name o
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THE POMEGRANATE 5. A. de Candolle 1
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278 Sino-Iranica They take out of t
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280 Sino-Iranica are the particular
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282 Sino-Iranica are smaller and pa
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284 Sino-Iranica dana ("grain, berr
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286 Sino-Iranica likewise from Iran
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SESAME AND FLAX 6. In A. de Candoll
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290 Sino-Iranica Herodotus 1 emphas
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292 Sino-Iranica San-tan Ji $& (sou
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[ 294 Sino-Iranica (Iranians and In
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296 Sino-Iranica jS ffc (Japanese n
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298 Sino-Iranica the character swi
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THE CUCUMBER 9. Another dogma of th
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CHIVE, ONION, AND SHALLOT 10. Altho
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304 Sino-Iranica In its appearance
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306 Sino-Iranica fix approximately
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308 Sino-Iranica Ming, 1 which stat
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310 Sino-Iranica that our genus Cur
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312 Sino-Iranica fron." 1 It is bor
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314 Sino-Iranica £m and ma-lu, are
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316 Sino-Iranica with this dye. Abu
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318 Sino-Iranica The last clause me
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320 Sino-Iranica maunds, or 3200 Kh
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322 Sino-Iranica the reproduction o
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SAFFLOWER that the cultivation of (
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326 Sino-Iranica f? J£ $t, in his
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328 Sino-Iranica make abundant use
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330 Sino-Iranica that at this early
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332 Sino-Iranica Sanskrit mallikd (
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HENNA 19. It is well known that the
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336 Sino-Iranica H Ht 1 by Cou Mi f
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338 Sino-Iranica seems more likely
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340 Sino-Iranica cattle and horses.
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342 Sino-Iranica exclusively as a t
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344 Sino-Iranica of Persia, furnish
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346 Sino-Iranica bling those of an
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348 Sino-Iranica in India guzangabi
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350 Sino-Iranica yield, under the p
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352 Sino-Iranica according to his s
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354 Sino-Iranica f&tidum). 1 It is
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356 Sino-Iranica was Garcia da Orta
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358 Sino-Iranica pots and drinking
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360 Sino-Iranica pie $wo about a.d.
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362 when the Mongols Sino-Iranica i
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364 Sino-Iranica by Theophrastus: 1
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366 Sino-Iranica countered by Buhse
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368 Sino-Iranica where they are sty
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INDIGO 25. As indicated by our word
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RICE 26. While rice is at present a
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PEPPER 27. The pepper-plant (hu tsi
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SUGAR 28. The sugar-cane (Saccharum
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MYROBALAN 29. The myrobalan Termina
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BRASSICA 32. Of the two species of
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382 Sino-Iranica "Man-tsin occurs [
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384 Sino-Iranica carui), however, i
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386 Sino-Iranica and first occurs i
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388 Sino-Iranica a number of hetero
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390 Sino-Iranica giraffes. 1 It lik
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THE SPINACH 36. In regard to the sp
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394 Sino-Iranica Emperor T'ai Tsun
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396 Sino-Iranica espinaca, Portugue
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398 Sino-Iranica or Palaka 1 as the
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400 Sino-Iranica Caspian Sea and Pe
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402 Sino-Iranica kit." 1 These are
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404 Sino-Iranica gathered, and eith
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406 Sino-Iranica province of Gujara
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408 Sino-Iranica China. Bunge says
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THE FIG 42. The fig (Ficus carted)
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412 Sino-Iranica fruit on its inter
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414 Sino-Iranica comprises nearly a
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416 Sino-Iranica Schlimmer 1 says t
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4i 8 Sino-Iranica pao pen is'ao (wr
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CASSIA PODS AND CAROB 44. In his Pe
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422 Sino-Iranica When I had establi
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424 Sino-Iranica passage: the two t
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426 Sino-Iranica extent, west of th
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428 Sino-Iranica loan-word), denoti
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430 Sino-Iranica qfofalsmdn is deri
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432 Sino-Iranica are placed beneath
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434 Sino-Iranica Ferdinand Verbiest
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436 Sino-Iranica connected with our
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THE WATER-MELON 49. This Cucurbitac
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440 Sino-Iranica The man who introd
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442 Sino-Iranica fruit is inferior
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444 Sino-Iranica call it Batiec Ind
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FENUGREEK 50. In regard to the fenu
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NUX-VOMICA 51. The nux-vomica or st
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45° Sino-Iranica Services of Cochi
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452 tinued to cultivate it in Engla
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454 Sino-Iranica name HaSqdqul, whi
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456 Sino-Ira*tica According to Stua
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458 Sino-Iranica strongest evidence
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460 Sino-Iranica from a tree growin
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462 Sino-Iranica Theophrastus 1 men
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464 Sino-Iranica K'un-lun of the So
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466 Sino-Iranica product may be exp
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THE MALAYAN PO-SE AND ITS PRODUCTS
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470 Sino-Iranica and people P'o-lo-
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472 Sino-Iranica had brought tribut
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474 Sino-Iranica Lambesi; i.e., Bes
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476 Sino-Iranica king) 1 there are
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478 • Sino-Iranica The question h
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480 Sino-Iranica the countries beyo
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482 " l :2c M 3=L . Sino-Iranica Ac
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484 Sino-Iranica also in Ho-cou & '
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486 Sino-Iranica that the character
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PERSIAN TEXTILES 69. Brocades, that
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490 Sino-Iranica is not part of the
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492 Sino-Iranica and the latter a f
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494 Sino-Iranica In the T'ang Annal
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496 Sino-Iranica Yuan H, Ibn Batata
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498 Sino-Iranica so that the Chines
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500 Sino-Iranica text to this effec
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502 Sino-Iranica study on the histo
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504 Sino-Iranica the Chinese. F. de
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506 Sino-Iranica be a product of K'
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508 Sino-Iranica The Tibetans appea
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510 Sino-Iranica The Ko ku yao lun
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512 Sino-Iranica swi H hi M st£ Wl
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514 Sino-Iranica to import the allo
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516 Sino-Iranica character pin has
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518 Sino-Iranica se-se of the T'ang
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520 Sino-Iranica Yun-nan Province.
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522 Sino-Iranica ninth and the tent
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524 Sino-Iranica Chinese learned of
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526 Pelliot. 1 Sino-Iranica by Pell
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528 Sino-Iranica of curing any dise
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530 Sino-Iranica tained in the Sui
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532 Sino-Iranica may justly be infe
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534 Sino-Iranica }ft ^ or Cu-wu Ek
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536 Sino-Iranica for staves, the sm
Page 366 and 367: 538 Sino-Iranica nian, loan-word fr
Page 368 and 369: 540 Sino-Iranica ("yellow plum")- 1
Page 370 and 371: 542 Sino-Iranica The descriptions g
Page 372 and 373: 544 Sino-Iranica or the attribution
Page 374 and 375: 546 Sino-Iranica KokovT^ia, xauXtfe
Page 376 and 377: 548 Sino-Iranica and Turkish, likew
Page 378 and 379: 550 Sino-Iranica San-fu-ts'i (Palem
Page 380 and 381: 552 Sino-Iranica judging from what
Page 382 and 383: 554 Sino-Iranica sio, in the posthu
Page 384 and 385: 556 Sino-Iranica ihelg as-sin ("Chi
Page 386 and 387: 558 Sino-Iranica Karabacek and Hoer
Page 388 and 389: 560 Sino-Iranica 1 paper bank-notes
Page 390 and 391: 562 Sino-Iranica petits. . . . On l
Page 392 and 393: 564 Sino-Iranica spread to Central
Page 394 and 395: 566 Sino-Iranica cussed by me in tw
Page 396 and 397: 568 Sino-Iranica _ The term pi-si h
Page 398 and 399: 570 Sino-Iranica laws, that a Chine
Page 400 and 401: Appendix I IRANIAN ELEMENTS IN MONG
Page 402 and 403: 574 Sino-Iranica possible to prove
Page 404 and 405: 576 Sino-Iranica 22. Mongol Hkar, H
Page 406 and 407: 578 Sino-Iranica Chinese Swi-hien ^
Page 408 and 409: Appendix III THE INDIAN ELEMENTS IN
Page 410 and 411: 582 Sino-Iranica p. 54) explains th
Page 412 and 413: 584 Sino-Iranica remedy." Achundow
Page 414 and 415: Appendix IV THE BASIL I propose to
Page 418 and 419: 590 Sino-Iranica herb. As it is loc
Page 420 and 421: 592 Sino-Iranica does not form part
Page 422 and 423: 594 Sino-Iranica "exempt from taxes
Page 424 and 425: 596 Sino-Iranica 18. pdVi is the co
Page 427 and 428: GENERAL INDEX The Index contains al
Page 429 and 430: Tang Annals, 469; nux-vomica of, 44
Page 431 and 432: Erdmann, F. v., 527. Esposito, M.,
Page 433 and 434: 194-202; salt of the, 201; with ref
Page 435 and 436: Kwan yu ki, 201, 251, 341, 345, 489
Page 437 and 438: Mon-ku £i, 295. Mon Han lu, 229, 2
Page 439 and 440: Pott, F. A., 249, 370, 421, 503, 54
Page 441 and 442: Stuart, G. A., I95"i97. 200, 216, 2
Page 443 and 444: Ts'ai Lun, 563. Ts'ai Yin, 281 note
Page 445 and 446: Abrus precatorius 215 Acacia catech
Page 447 and 448: Jasminum officinale 329, 332 Jasmin
Page 449 and 450: INDEX OF WORDS Iranian, Indian, Mon
Page 451 and 452: yu-kin hiafi 314, 317 yu liu 282 yu
Page 453 and 454: jarak 404 kalgan 546 kaminan 465 ka
Page 455 and 456: palanka 397 pippala 435 pippall 374
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