Sino-Iranica - The Search For Mecca

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252 Sino-Iranica Again, the Persian 1 pistan ("a place abounding with pistachio-nuts"). word in the transcription pi-se-ta >Sb A %£ appears in the Pen ts'ao kan mu H i 2 by Cao Hio-min, who states that the habitat of the plant is in the land of the Mohammedans, and refers to the work Yin San leh yao 3 of 133 1, ascribed by him to Hu-pi-lie %& 4b Wt\ that is, the Emperor Kubilai of the Yuan dynasty. We know, however, that this book was written in 133 1 by Ho Se-hwi. 4 Not having access to this, I am unable to state whether it contains a reference to pi-se-ta, nor do I know whether the text of Cao Hio-min, as printed in the second edition of 1765, was thus contained in the first edition of his work, which was published in 1650. It would not be impossible that the transcription pi-se-ta, accurately corresponding to Persian pista, was made in the Mongol period; for it bears the ear-marks of the Yuan style of transcription. The Persian word pista (also pasta) has been widely disseminated: we find it in Kurd fystiq, Armenian fesdux and jstoul, Arabic fistaq or 6 fustaq, Osmanli fistiq, and Russian fistaZka. In the Yuan period the Chinese also made the acquaintance of mastic, the resinous product of Pistacia lentiscus* It is mentioned in the Yin ia« leh yao, written in 133 1, under its Arabic name mastaki, in the transcription $1 JS %£ l=f ma-se-ta-ki. 7 Li Si-cen knew only the medical properties of the product, but confessed his ignorance regarding the nature of the plant; hence he placed his notice of it as an appendix to cummin {M-lo). The Wu tsa tolll, written in 1610, says that mastaki is produced in Turkistan and resembles the tsiao W> (Zanth- oxylum, the fruit yielding a pepper-like condiment) ; its odor is very strong; it takes the place there of a condiment like pepper, and is beneficial to digestion. 8 The Persian word for "mastic" is kundurak (from kundur, "incense"), besides the Arabic loan-word mastaki or 1 As already recognized by W. Schott (Topographie der Producte des chinesi- schen Reiches, Abh. Berl.Akad., 1842, p. 371), who made use only of the new edition. p. 167). 2 Ch. 8, p. 19; ed. of 1765 (see above, p. 229). 8 Cf. above, p. 236. 4 Bretschneider, Bot. Sin., pt. 1, p. 213. 6 Hence Pegoletti's fistuchi (Yule, Cathay, new ed. by Cordier, Vol. Ill, 6 Greek axivos (Herodotus, iv, 177). 7 The Arabic word itself is derived from Greek naorlxn (from paor&feu', "to chew"), because the resin was used as a masticatory. Hence also Armenian tnaztak'e. Spanish almdciga is derived from the Arabic, as indicated by the Arabic article al, while the Spanish form m&sticis is based on Latin mastix. 8 Quoted in the Pen ts'ao kan mu H t, Ch. 6, p. 12 b. The digestive property is already emphasized by Dioscorides (1, 90).
The Pistachio 253 mastaki. 1 The Persianized form is masdax; in Kurd it is mstekki. "On these mountains the Mastich Tree brings forth plenty of that gum, of which the country people make good profit. ... As for the Mastick Trees, they bore red berries, and if wounded would spew out the liquid resin from the branches; they are not very tall, of the bigness of our Bully Trees: Whether they bring forth a cod or not, this season would not inform me, nor can I say it agrees in all respects with the Lentisk Tree of Clusius." 2 The resin (mastic) occurs in small, irregular, yellowish tears, brittle, and of a vitreous fracture, but soft and ductile when chewed. It is used as a masticatory by people of high rank in India to preserve the teeth and sweeten the breath, and also in the preparation of a perfume. 8 It is still known in India as the "gum mastic of Rum." 4 The case of the pistachio (and there are several others) is interesting in showing that the Chinese closely followed the development of Iranian speech, and in course of time replaced the Middle-Persian terms by the corresponding New-Persian words. 1 Achundow, Abu Mansur, pp. 137, 267. * John Fryer, New Account of East India and Persia, Vol. II, p. 202 (Hakluyt Soc, 1912). ' Watt, Commercial Products of India, p. 902. 4 D. C. Phillott, Journal As. Soc. Bengal, Vol. VI, 1910, p. 81.
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#* "LI B R.AR.Y' OF THE UNIVERSITY
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Publications OF FIELD MUSEUM OF NAT
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Field Museum of Natural History Pub
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iv Contents, \{ Page Cassia Pods an
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1 86 Sino-Iranica part of which hav
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1 88 Sino-Iranica most advanced and
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ioo Sino-Iranica number of addition
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192 Sino-Iranica It has been my end
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194 Sino-Iranica scented mint is Va
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196 Sino-Iranica by the people of K
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198 Sino-Iranica Kamchatka, and the
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200 Sino-Iranica attribute Hu, it m
Page 30 and 31: 202 Sino-Iranica some vaguely defin
Page 32 and 33: 204 Sino-Iranica of important plant
Page 34 and 35: 206 Sino-Iranica since his days Ori
Page 36 and 37: ALFALFA I. The earliest extant lite
Page 38 and 39: 210 Sino-Iranica acted as mediators
Page 40 and 41: 212 Sino-Iranica very well aware of
Page 42 and 43: 214 Sino-Iranica *suk, stand for Za
Page 44 and 45: 216 Sino-Iranica 3. Trigonella f&nu
Page 46 and 47: «i8 Sino-Iranica and Hemsley 1 giv
Page 48 and 49: THE GRAPE-VINE 2. The grape-vine (V
Page 50 and 51: 222 SlNO-lRANICA age. 1 When the So
Page 52 and 53: 224 Sino-Iranica vine, as we call i
Page 54 and 55: 226 Sino-Iranica Hirth 1 endorsed K
Page 56 and 57: 228 Sino-Iranica have applied a Per
Page 58 and 59: t$o Sino-Iranica of grape. Accordin
Page 60 and 61: 232 Sino-Iranica they do not know i
Page 62 and 63: «34 Sino-Iranica A recipe for maki
Page 64 and 65: 236 Sino-Iranica distilled from the
Page 66 and 67: «38 Sino-Iranica wine in the same
Page 68 and 69: 240 Sino-Iranica ported from Pa-lai
Page 70 and 71: 242 Tavernier 1 Sino-Iranica states
Page 72 and 73: 244 Sino-Iranica but is an entirely
Page 74 and 75: THE PISTACHIO 3. Pistacia is a genu
Page 76 and 77: 248 Sino-Iranica ?). Persians 3£ $
Page 78 and 79: t$o Sino-Iranica gwan, gwana, for P
Page 82 and 83: THE WALNUT 4. The Buddhist dictiona
Page 84 and 85: 256 Sino-Iranica The New-Persian na
Page 86 and 87: 258 Sino-Iranica B.C." 1 In Hehn's
Page 88 and 89: 260 Sino-Iranica of Su Tsun 1£ $t
Page 90 and 91: 262 Sino-Iranica much. The tree is
Page 92 and 93: 264 Sino-Iranica 3$i # 13. * Anothe
Page 94 and 95: *66 Sino-Iranica all the district a
Page 96 and 97: 268 Sino-Iranica tion is quite to t
Page 98 and 99: tyo Sino-Iranica is one of the most
Page 100 and 101: 272 Sino-Iranica specific case apt
Page 102 and 103: a74 Sino-Iranica abbreviated name o
Page 104 and 105: THE POMEGRANATE 5. A. de Candolle 1
Page 106 and 107: 278 Sino-Iranica They take out of t
Page 108 and 109: 280 Sino-Iranica are the particular
Page 110 and 111: 282 Sino-Iranica are smaller and pa
Page 112 and 113: 284 Sino-Iranica dana ("grain, berr
Page 114 and 115: 286 Sino-Iranica likewise from Iran
Page 116 and 117: SESAME AND FLAX 6. In A. de Candoll
Page 118 and 119: 290 Sino-Iranica Herodotus 1 emphas
Page 120 and 121: 292 Sino-Iranica San-tan Ji $& (sou
Page 122 and 123: [ 294 Sino-Iranica (Iranians and In
Page 124 and 125: 296 Sino-Iranica jS ffc (Japanese n
Page 126 and 127: 298 Sino-Iranica the character swi
Page 128 and 129: THE CUCUMBER 9. Another dogma of th
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CHIVE, ONION, AND SHALLOT 10. Altho
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304 Sino-Iranica In its appearance
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306 Sino-Iranica fix approximately
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308 Sino-Iranica Ming, 1 which stat
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310 Sino-Iranica that our genus Cur
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312 Sino-Iranica fron." 1 It is bor
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314 Sino-Iranica £m and ma-lu, are
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316 Sino-Iranica with this dye. Abu
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318 Sino-Iranica The last clause me
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320 Sino-Iranica maunds, or 3200 Kh
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322 Sino-Iranica the reproduction o
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SAFFLOWER that the cultivation of (
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326 Sino-Iranica f? J£ $t, in his
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328 Sino-Iranica make abundant use
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330 Sino-Iranica that at this early
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332 Sino-Iranica Sanskrit mallikd (
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HENNA 19. It is well known that the
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336 Sino-Iranica H Ht 1 by Cou Mi f
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338 Sino-Iranica seems more likely
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340 Sino-Iranica cattle and horses.
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342 Sino-Iranica exclusively as a t
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344 Sino-Iranica of Persia, furnish
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346 Sino-Iranica bling those of an
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348 Sino-Iranica in India guzangabi
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350 Sino-Iranica yield, under the p
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352 Sino-Iranica according to his s
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354 Sino-Iranica f&tidum). 1 It is
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356 Sino-Iranica was Garcia da Orta
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358 Sino-Iranica pots and drinking
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360 Sino-Iranica pie $wo about a.d.
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362 when the Mongols Sino-Iranica i
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364 Sino-Iranica by Theophrastus: 1
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366 Sino-Iranica countered by Buhse
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368 Sino-Iranica where they are sty
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INDIGO 25. As indicated by our word
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RICE 26. While rice is at present a
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PEPPER 27. The pepper-plant (hu tsi
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SUGAR 28. The sugar-cane (Saccharum
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MYROBALAN 29. The myrobalan Termina
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BRASSICA 32. Of the two species of
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382 Sino-Iranica "Man-tsin occurs [
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384 Sino-Iranica carui), however, i
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386 Sino-Iranica and first occurs i
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388 Sino-Iranica a number of hetero
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390 Sino-Iranica giraffes. 1 It lik
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THE SPINACH 36. In regard to the sp
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394 Sino-Iranica Emperor T'ai Tsun
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396 Sino-Iranica espinaca, Portugue
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398 Sino-Iranica or Palaka 1 as the
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400 Sino-Iranica Caspian Sea and Pe
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402 Sino-Iranica kit." 1 These are
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404 Sino-Iranica gathered, and eith
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406 Sino-Iranica province of Gujara
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408 Sino-Iranica China. Bunge says
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THE FIG 42. The fig (Ficus carted)
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412 Sino-Iranica fruit on its inter
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414 Sino-Iranica comprises nearly a
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416 Sino-Iranica Schlimmer 1 says t
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4i 8 Sino-Iranica pao pen is'ao (wr
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CASSIA PODS AND CAROB 44. In his Pe
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422 Sino-Iranica When I had establi
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424 Sino-Iranica passage: the two t
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426 Sino-Iranica extent, west of th
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428 Sino-Iranica loan-word), denoti
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430 Sino-Iranica qfofalsmdn is deri
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432 Sino-Iranica are placed beneath
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434 Sino-Iranica Ferdinand Verbiest
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436 Sino-Iranica connected with our
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THE WATER-MELON 49. This Cucurbitac
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440 Sino-Iranica The man who introd
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442 Sino-Iranica fruit is inferior
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444 Sino-Iranica call it Batiec Ind
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FENUGREEK 50. In regard to the fenu
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NUX-VOMICA 51. The nux-vomica or st
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45° Sino-Iranica Services of Cochi
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452 tinued to cultivate it in Engla
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454 Sino-Iranica name HaSqdqul, whi
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456 Sino-Ira*tica According to Stua
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458 Sino-Iranica strongest evidence
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460 Sino-Iranica from a tree growin
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462 Sino-Iranica Theophrastus 1 men
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464 Sino-Iranica K'un-lun of the So
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466 Sino-Iranica product may be exp
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THE MALAYAN PO-SE AND ITS PRODUCTS
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470 Sino-Iranica and people P'o-lo-
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472 Sino-Iranica had brought tribut
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474 Sino-Iranica Lambesi; i.e., Bes
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476 Sino-Iranica king) 1 there are
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478 • Sino-Iranica The question h
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480 Sino-Iranica the countries beyo
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482 " l :2c M 3=L . Sino-Iranica Ac
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484 Sino-Iranica also in Ho-cou & '
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486 Sino-Iranica that the character
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PERSIAN TEXTILES 69. Brocades, that
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490 Sino-Iranica is not part of the
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492 Sino-Iranica and the latter a f
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494 Sino-Iranica In the T'ang Annal
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496 Sino-Iranica Yuan H, Ibn Batata
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498 Sino-Iranica so that the Chines
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500 Sino-Iranica text to this effec
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502 Sino-Iranica study on the histo
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504 Sino-Iranica the Chinese. F. de
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506 Sino-Iranica be a product of K'
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508 Sino-Iranica The Tibetans appea
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510 Sino-Iranica The Ko ku yao lun
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512 Sino-Iranica swi H hi M st£ Wl
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514 Sino-Iranica to import the allo
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516 Sino-Iranica character pin has
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518 Sino-Iranica se-se of the T'ang
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520 Sino-Iranica Yun-nan Province.
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522 Sino-Iranica ninth and the tent
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524 Sino-Iranica Chinese learned of
Page 354 and 355:
526 Pelliot. 1 Sino-Iranica by Pell
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528 Sino-Iranica of curing any dise
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530 Sino-Iranica tained in the Sui
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532 Sino-Iranica may justly be infe
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534 Sino-Iranica }ft ^ or Cu-wu Ek
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536 Sino-Iranica for staves, the sm
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538 Sino-Iranica nian, loan-word fr
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540 Sino-Iranica ("yellow plum")- 1
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542 Sino-Iranica The descriptions g
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544 Sino-Iranica or the attribution
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546 Sino-Iranica KokovT^ia, xauXtfe
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548 Sino-Iranica and Turkish, likew
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550 Sino-Iranica San-fu-ts'i (Palem
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552 Sino-Iranica judging from what
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554 Sino-Iranica sio, in the posthu
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556 Sino-Iranica ihelg as-sin ("Chi
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558 Sino-Iranica Karabacek and Hoer
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560 Sino-Iranica 1 paper bank-notes
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562 Sino-Iranica petits. . . . On l
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564 Sino-Iranica spread to Central
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566 Sino-Iranica cussed by me in tw
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568 Sino-Iranica _ The term pi-si h
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570 Sino-Iranica laws, that a Chine
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Appendix I IRANIAN ELEMENTS IN MONG
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574 Sino-Iranica possible to prove
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576 Sino-Iranica 22. Mongol Hkar, H
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578 Sino-Iranica Chinese Swi-hien ^
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Appendix III THE INDIAN ELEMENTS IN
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582 Sino-Iranica p. 54) explains th
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584 Sino-Iranica remedy." Achundow
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Appendix IV THE BASIL I propose to
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588 Sino-Iranica Ainslie, 1 the pla
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590 Sino-Iranica herb. As it is loc
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592 Sino-Iranica does not form part
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594 Sino-Iranica "exempt from taxes
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596 Sino-Iranica 18. pdVi is the co
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GENERAL INDEX The Index contains al
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Tang Annals, 469; nux-vomica of, 44
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Erdmann, F. v., 527. Esposito, M.,
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194-202; salt of the, 201; with ref
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Kwan yu ki, 201, 251, 341, 345, 489
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Mon-ku £i, 295. Mon Han lu, 229, 2
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Pott, F. A., 249, 370, 421, 503, 54
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Stuart, G. A., I95"i97. 200, 216, 2
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Ts'ai Lun, 563. Ts'ai Yin, 281 note
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Abrus precatorius 215 Acacia catech
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Jasminum officinale 329, 332 Jasmin
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INDEX OF WORDS Iranian, Indian, Mon
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yu-kin hiafi 314, 317 yu liu 282 yu
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jarak 404 kalgan 546 kaminan 465 ka
Page 455 and 456:
palanka 397 pippala 435 pippall 374
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