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Bouteloua 1: 55-60 (XI-2006)Br. ex Fresen (Peris & Esteso 1987, Esteras1988). Like these taxa, Megathyrsus maximusvar. pubiglumis seems to thrive well and islocally escaping. The nomenclature andtaxonomy of this taxon underwent considerablemodifications recently (see above for majorsynonymy). After being described initially as arepresentative of the genus Panicum, Webster(1987) transferred our taxon to the genusUrochloa on behalf of its particular lemmaornamentation. More recently Simon & Jacobs(2003) demonstrated that Panicum subgenusMegathyrsus (to which P. maximum belongs)should be elevated to generic rank andlegitimated the new combination Megathyrsusmaximus.II. Other Spanish records of exoticsubspontaneous grass speciesPennisetum clandestinum Chiov.ALICANTE: Alicante, Babel, Barranco de lasOvejas, dry riverbed, several stands, 05-IX-2005, F. Verloove 6128 (priv. herb. author,dupl. MA); ALICANTE: Villajoiosa, riuAmadorio near the beach, 08-IX-2005, F.Verloove s.c.The African Pennisetum clandestinum, betterknown under its vernacular name Kikuyu grass,is extensively cultivated as a forage or lawngrass in the (sub-) tropics. It is increasinglysown in lawns in southeastern Spain. Since1992 Pennisetum clandestinum is reported as anescape from cultivation, primarily in theprovinces of Alicante (San Vicente del Raspeig)and Valencia (Valencia) (Herrero-Borgoñón &al. 1995). The above records confirm thespecies’ recent naturalization in the province ofAlicante. In both cases Pennisetumclandestinum forms dense, almost monospecificstands in or near riverbeds. As it is sometimesvery reluctant to flower (and even in flowervery indistinctive) it might have beenoverlooked elsewhere.The species is a declared noxious weed inmany countries outside its natural range (see forinstance Missing 1984) and a future rapid andlocal expansion in Spain cannot be excluded.Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov.ALICANTE: Alicante, Babel, ruderal roadverge of N332 near railway track in the harbour,one specimen, 08-IX-2005, F. Verloove 6107(MA); ALICANTE: El Campello towardsVillajoiosa, arid road verge of N332 (km 129-130), locally common, 08-IX-2005, F. Verloove6111 (BR)Pennisetum setaceum – presumably native innortheastern Africa and Arabia – is much grownas an ornamental in the more arid areas ofsouthern Europe (Walters & al. 1984). Crespo &al. (1990) reported about its first escape ofcultivation in Spain (El Campello, N332 km102) and continental Europe. The additionalrecords above confirm the recent naturalizationand spread of Pennisetum setaceum in this area.Moreover, since its original discovery in theprovince of Alicante, the species also occurredin the provinces of Granada, Malaga andValencia (Sanz Elorza & al. 2004).Pennisetum setaceum is one of the mostaggressive alien invaders in the Canary Islands,especially in the coastal areas (García-Gallo &al. 1999). Its eradication is time-consuming andvery expensive. Climatological andenvironmental conditions are rather similar inparts of southeastern continental Spain and thespecies’ future invasive behaviour is very likely.DISCUSSIONInvasive alien organisms are considered to beamongst the most important reasons fordramatic biodiversity loss worldwide. Someintroduced plants often naturalize remarkablywell and start outcompeting vulnerable nativeones, which often leads to extinction of rarespecies. Early detection of such new alien,potentially invasive plant species is essential. Inthe present paper comments are provided aboutsome recently escaping cultivated grass species.The introduction on purpose of exotic grassspecies for road verge stabilization has becomecommon use in various parts of Spain. Most ofthe grasses that are introduced for such purposesare tall, fast growing and very competitive.They are, almost without exception, declarednoxious weeds in their countries of origin aswell as in their secondary areas. Chloris gayanaand Eragrostis curvula for instance – both inrapid expansion in parts of Spain after theirinitial deliberate introduction – are well-knowndangerous weeds in various (warm-) temperateareas worldwide. Surprisingly, they are stillmassively sown for local roadside stabilizationin Spain although at least Chloris gayana andPennisetum setaceum already has been reportedas aggressive invaders in Spain (Sanz Elorza &al. 2004; Dana & al. 2005). Moreover, from thispoint of view, the recent introduction ofMegathyrsus maximus for this purposes – also areputed noxious weed in many parts of theworld – appears to be very regrettable.AcknowledgementsI thank Elias Dana for his general help and SvenBellanger (National Botanic Garden of56
F. VERLOOVE:Exoctic grasses running wild: Megathyrsus maximus var. pubiglumisBelgium) for providing the accompanyingoriginal line drawing.REFERENCESCARRETERO, J.L. & ESTERAS, F.J. (1983)Algunas gramíneas de interés corológico para laprovincia de Valencia. Collect. Bot. 14: 215-219.CLAYTON, W.D. & RENVOIZE, S.A. (1982)Gramineae (Part 3). In : POLHILL, R.M., Flora ofTropical East Africa. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam: 451-898.CRESPO, M.B., MANSO, M.L. & MATEO, G.(1990) Pennisetum setaceum (Poaceae), especienueva para el continente Europeo. An. J. Bot. Madrid47(1): 260.DANA, E.D., SANZ, M., VIVAS, S. & SOBRINO,E. (2005) Especies vegetales invasoras en Andalucía.Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Andalucía:233 p.ESLER, A.E. & ASTRIDGE, S.J. (1987) Thenaturalization of plants in urban Auckland, NewZealand. 2. Records of introduction andnaturalisation. New Zeal. J. Bot. 25: 523-537.ESTERAS, F.J. (1988) Consideraciones sobre lapresencia de Cenchrus ciliaris L. en la PenínsulaIbérica. An. J. Bot. Madrid 45(1): 347-348.GARCÍA-GALLO, A., WILDPRET DE LA TORRE,W., RODRÍGUEZ DELGADO, O., PÉREZ DE PAZ,P.L., LEÓN ARENCIBIA, M.C., SUÁREZRODRÍGUEZ, C. & REYES-BETANCORT, J.A.(1999) El xenófito Pennisetum setaceum en las islasCanarias (Magnoliophyta, Poaceae). Vieraea 27: 133-158.HERRERO-BORGOÑÓN, J.J., CRISTÓBAL, J.C. &CRESPO M.B. (1995) Pennisetum clandestinumHochst. ex Chiov. (Poaceae), an African grass inEurope. Isr. J. Plant Sc. 43: 159-162.MACK, R.N. & ERNEBERG, M. (2002) The UnitedStates naturalized flora: largely the product ofdeliberate introductions. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.89: 176-189.MISSING, G. (1984) Kikuyu grass indicted asdestructive, invasive alien. Veld and Flora 70(1): 27.PERIS, J.B. & ESTESO, F. (1987) Cenchrus ciliarisL., un neófito de óptimo saharo-sindiano nuevo parala flora iberica. An. J. Bot. Madrid 44(1): 176.SANZ ELORZA, M., DANA SÁNCHEZ, E.D. &SOBRINO VESPERINAS, E. (2004) Atlas de lasplantas alóctonas invasoras en España. Ministerio deMedio Ambiente, Madrid: 378 p.SIMON, B.K. & JACOBS, S.W.L. (2003)Megathyrsus, a new generic name for Panicumsubgenus Megathyrsus. Austrobaileya 6(3): 571-574.VERLOOVE, F. (2005) New records of interestingxenophytes in Spain. Lazaroa 26: 141-148.VERLOOVE, F. (2006) Catalogue of neophytes inBelgium (1800-2005). Scripta Botanica Belgica (inpress).WALTERS, S.M., BRADY, A., BRICKELL, C.D.,CULLEN, J., GREEN, P.S., LEWIS, J.,MATTHEWS, V.A., WEBB, D.A., YEO, P.F. &ALEXANDER, J.C.M. (1984) The European GardenFlora, volume II. Cambridge University Press: 318 p.WEBSTER, R.D. (1987) The Australian Paniceae(Poaceae). J. Cramer, Berlin & Stuttgart: 322 p.(Recibido el 29-VI-2006)57
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ÍNDICEBreve nota biográfica de Es
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