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la force de l’économie moderne de marché et à favoriser l’utilisation rationnelle et durable des ressources pour que la nature reste un ensemble d’écosystèmes en action. BIBLIOGRAPHIE AGARWAL, B. - Engendering the environment debafe; Lessons from the Indian Sub-Continent, E. Lansing, Michigan, 1991. BLOMET, J. - Utilisation of the traditional knowledge in medicine and pharmacy and immediate distribution of available products according to regions, In: Conseil africain et malgache pour L’Enseignement supérieur, Troisième Colloque du GAMES, Médecine traditionnelle et pharma- copée africaines, Kigali, Rwanda, 1977. COLCHESTER, M. - Salvaging Nature; Indigenous peoples, protected areas and biodi- versity conservation. In: UN Research Institute for Social Development, WWF. Rapport inédit, 1993. MURDOCK, G.P. - Africa: Its peoples and their culture hisfory, New York & Londres, 1959. PRETTY, J. GUIJT, 1. and J. THOMPSON - Regenerating Agriculture, In: Making development sustainable: redefining institutions, policy and economics, John Holmberf (ed.), Washington D.C., Island Press, 1992. ODHIAMBO, M. 0. - Liberalization, Law and the management of common property resources in Kenya, East African Symposium on Common Property Resources Management, Makerere University Institute of Social Research and the Ford Foundation, 1993. ONGUGO, P. and MWANGI, E. - Community Forest Management in Kenya. Analysis of National Constraints and Opportunities. East African Symposium on Common Property Resources Management, Makerere University Institute of Social Research and the Ford Foundation, 1996. TURNBULL, C. - The Mbuti Pygmies, An Ethnographie Survey, New York, 1985. E. Edroma - La notion d’intégrité pour les biens naturels et les paysages culturels - 49 -
INTRODUCTION Authenticity and Integrity in an African Context THE NOTION OF INTEGRITY FOR NATURAL PROPERTIES AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPES This paper discusses the indigenous African, his special attachment to God, his spiritual beliefs, his inseparable link to natural abjects and phenomena, how he traditionally manages natural and cultural resources in order to appreciate his notion of integrity on natural and cultural properties. The challenges the traditional systems are facing, and a strategy to salvage them are proposed. The notion of integrity embraces cultural, religious or customary systems and taboos that sustain the complete structure, diversity and distinctive character of natural properties and cultural landscapes, as perceived at the time of their recognition. The designation for protection of geological, climatic, biological, and cultural characteristics from destructive forces was one outcome of such a notion. Where the interests of conservation in such situations override those of human welfare, and the role of the indigenous traditional societies is not recognised, then serious problems arise that ultimately weaken the planning, management and utilisation of natural properties and cultural landscapes. Consequently the natural properties are experiencing degradation and loss of their unique wilderness, while many of the cultural sites are neglected, abandoned and left to the mercy of the environmental forces. In discussing the notion of integrity applied to natural properties and cultural landscapes of extended dimensions belonging to agropastoral societies in Africa, let us define the three key phrases in the title. ERIC L. EDROMA - 50 - Cultural Landscapes Culture is a combination of values, symbols and technology created by a group of people. It is a total sum of the people’s way of life that includes norms and values of the society, their beliefs, religion, economics, medicinal practices, marriage norms, technology, politics, language, communal laws, architecture, farming systems, eating habits, burial and other ceremonial practices. This human creation (culture) with all that this implies (e.g. fluidity, diversity, influence of power, relations) is a driving force in modifying the African landscape. It evolves and adapts as people continue to live in different physical and social environments in the course of a society’s development. It changes due to advancement in knowledge and skills, and it is acquired in the course of interaction with people who migrate from other identities. The cultures of different peoples have been moulded by the natural and social environment in the specific areas where a particular people lived or migrated from. Africa has rich and diverse cultures whose imprints are littered throughout its landscape. These cultural features, whether of local, national or international significance, are highly treasured, preserved and jealously guarded by the indigenous peoples. A total of twenty-two of the African cultural features in the form of monuments, groups of buildings and sites with outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art, science, aesthetics, archaeology, palaeontology and anthropology, have been listed as cultural properties under the World Heritage Convention.
Page 2 and 3: L’AUTHENTICITÉ ET L’INTÉGRIT
Page 4 and 5: Authenticité et intégrité dans u
Page 10 and 11: tion qui vise à unifier les critè
Page 12 and 13: tous sincèrement d’être venus a
Page 14 and 15: On the basis of the Amsterdam propo
Page 16 and 17: also like to thank the National Mus
Page 18 and 19: comme très positif l’effondremen
Page 20 and 21: PROBLEMS OF DEFINITION D. Munjeri -
Page 22 and 23: The implications of integrity Takin
Page 24 and 25: des manifestations tangibles, des s
Page 26 and 27: Sans doute faut-il prendre garde au
Page 28 and 29: J-L. Luxen - The intangible dimensi
Page 30 and 31: TECHNIQUES AND KNOW-HOW The conserv
Page 32 and 33: new procedures, according to the ex
Page 34 and 35: d’idées : l’examen d’authent
Page 36 and 37: J, Jokilehto et J. King - Authentic
Page 38 and 39: J. Jokilehfo et J. King - Authentic
Page 40 and 41: J. Jokilehto et J. King - Authentic
Page 42 and 43: J. Jokilehto et J. King - Authentic
Page 44 and 45: classés comme biens culturels au t
Page 46 and 47: Le lien de solidarité est encore r
Page 48 and 49: sa terre. II a également attaché
Page 50 and 51: ont été très sérieusement remis
Page 54 and 55: Nothing in our lives is free from c
Page 56 and 57: is the smallest unit of family comp
Page 58 and 59: and gender specific (Pretty et a/,
Page 60 and 61: l Need to salvage the traditional s
Page 62 and 63: O.B. Yaï - Authenticité et intég
Page 64 and 65: O.B. Yaï - Authenticité et intég
Page 66 and 67: O.B. Yaï - Authenticity and integr
Page 68 and 69: L. Lévi-Strauss - Le patrimoine cu
Page 70 and 71: . L. Lévi-Strauss - Le patrimoine
Page 72 and 73: L. Lévi-Strauss - Le oatrimoine cu
Page 74 and 75: L. Lévi-Strauss - The Aftican cult
Page 76 and 77: L. Lévi-Strauss - The African cult
Page 78 and 79: S. Mankoto et E. Adianohoun - L’i
Page 80 and 81: S. Mankoto et E. Adjanohoun - L’i
Page 84 and 85: qui habitaient des cavernes, appel
Page 86 and 87: - le développement des ressources
Page 88 and 89: M. Dembelé - The natural an cultur
Page 90 and 91: endemic drought which has led to a
Page 92 and 93: Continuation of the action in progr
Page 94 and 95: 0. J. Eboreime - The Sukur and Beni
Page 96 and 97: 0. J. Eboreime - The Sukur and Beni
Page 98 and 99: A. Githitho - The issue of authenti
Page 100 and 101: A. Githitho - The issue of authenti
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A. Rafolo - De l’authenticité et
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A. Rafolo - De l’authenticité et
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A. Rafolo - Authenticity and lntegr
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A. Rafolo - Authenticity and lntegr
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A. Rafolo - Authenticity and Integr
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A. Kumirai et J. Muringaniza et D.
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A. Kumirai et J. Muringaniza et D.
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A. Kumirai et J. Murinqaniza et D.
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E. Matenga - Architectural conserva
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E. Matenaa - Architectural conserva
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E. Matenga - Architectural conserva
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RÉSUMÉ Authenticité et intégrit
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SESSION D’OUVERTURE M. Munjeri, D
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ditionnellement le monde du créate
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miers, ainsi que la diversité et l
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La deuxième démarche consiste à
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ties est la plus élevée. C’est
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tiels est difficile à mettre en œ
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sacrificielles périodiques. La sit
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identifiés grâce à des Pierres t
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d’environ 30 hectares, est situé
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différeraient de façon assez sign
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SUMMARY Authenficity and Integrity
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OPENING SESSION Mr. Munjeri, Execut
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accept the powerful influence of th
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elonging. Culture gives Africans cl
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what is expressed by ‘authenticit
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- the progressive reconciliation be
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Language A number of participants n
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shaped building located in the gran
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He then described the distinctive c
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corne into play when developing cri
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and by ourselves now as an evolving
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compréhension et leur interpré- t
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dans les communautés africaines co
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Authenticity and Integrity in an Af
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There could be cases where the abse
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LISTE DES PARTICIPANTS / LIST OF PA
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ZAMBIA Mr. Donald C. CHIKUMBI Regio
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Authenticité et intégrité dans u
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L'utilisation de ces sources offre
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artistic and literary works of outs
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Membres du comité scientifique / M
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. Authenticité et intégrité dans
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Page 192 and 193:
cv> (4 Authenticité et intégrité
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L.-l Authenticity and Integrity in
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(b) Authenticity and Integrity in a
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Préambule DOCUMENT DE NARA SUR L
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Preamble NARA DOCUMENT ON AUTHENTIC
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Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Crédits photographiques l Phofogra
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