mustafa qemal aTaTurqis roli respublikur TurqeTSi

SoTa SoTa SoTa rusTavelis rusTavelis rusTavelis saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo universiteti 

universiteti 

universiteti 

humanitarul humanitarul humanitarul mecnierebaTa mecnierebaTa mecnierebaTa fakulteti 

fakulteti 

fakulteti 

emzar emzar makaraZe 

makaraZe 

mustafa mustafa qemal qemal aTaTurqis aTaTurqis roli roli 

roli 

respublikur respublikur TurqeTSi 

TurqeTSi 

gamomcemloba 

`SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti~ 

baTumi 2009

naSromSi ganxilulia mustafa qemal aTaTurqis 

roli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi, Turqe- 

Tis saxelmwifo wyobis, istoriisa da Tanamedroveobis, 

respublikuri TurqeTis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. 

monografia gankuTvnilia aRmosavleTmcodneebis, 

Turqologebis, istorikosebis, studentebisa da Sesaba- 

misi sakiTxebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa farTo 

wrisaTvis. 

redaqtori: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, 

prof. o.gogoliSvili 

o.gogoliSvili 

recenzentebi: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, 

ISBN 978-9941-409-55-4 

prof.Mm.svaniZe m.svaniZe 

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, 

a/prof. z.batiaSvili 

z.batiaSvili 

z.batiaSvili 

© `SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti~ _ 2009-07-16 

2

mustafa mustafa qemal qemal aTaTurqi aTaTurqi 

aTaTurqi 

(1881 (1881-1938) (1881 1938) 

3

S S e e s s a a v v a a l l i 

i 

XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, maSin rodesac saqar 

Tvelom moipova damoukidebloba da gavida saerTa 

Soriso asparezze, didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda Cvens 

urTierTobas mezobel saxelmwifoebTan, kerZod, 

TurqeTis respublikasTan. 

TurqeTi didi qveyanaa Tavisi geostrategiuli 

mdebareobiT, istoriuli warsuliTa da dRevandeli 

dRiT. mas Kkidev ufro naTel momavals uwina swarmetyveleben 

specialistebi. TurqeTma bolo aTwleu- 

lebis ganmavlobaSi ise ganaviTara sakuTari ekonomika, 

rom seriozulobas ar aris moklebuli 

gamoTqma: ”TurqeTi XXI saukuneSi Seva, rogorc erTerTi 

ganviTarebuli qveyana.” 

winamdebare samecniero naSromSi SevecadeT warmogvedgina 

respublikuri TurqeTis damaarseblis 

mustafa qemal aTaTurqis roli ganmaTavisuflebel 

moZraobaSi; TurqeTis saxelmwifo wyobis; TurqeTis 

politikuri orientaciis; qemalizmis principebisa da 

sxva. ramac safuZveli Cauyara Tanamedrove TurqeTSi 

saxelmwifoebrivi sistemis Camoyalibebas. 

mustafa qemal aTaTurqi TurqeTisaTvis marto 

guSindeli dRea. Aam pirovnebam mniSvnelovanwilad 

gansazRvra qveynis dRevandeloba da momavali. Tur- 

qeTis respublikis saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis oficialuri 

doqtrina respublikis damaarseblis, didi 

reformatoris, qemal aTaTurqis principebs eyrdnoba 

da TurqeTSi qemalizmis saxeliTaa cnobili. romlis 

4

sworad gagebis gareSe SeuZlebelia Tanamedrove 

TurqeTSi mimdinare procesebis obieqturad aRqma. 

naSromis mizania naTlad avsaxoT Mmustafa qemal 

aTaTurqis roli respublikuri TurqeTis saero 

wyobis damyarebaSi; respublikuri institutebisa da 

saxelmwifo sistemis Seswavla. saerTo evropuli 

demokratiuli normebis ganviTarebis warmoCena da am 

saqmeSi respublikis damaarseblis da misi pirveli 

prezidentis aTaTurqis moRvaweobis da damsaxurebis 

gansazRvra.Kkvlevis procesSi Cven SemovifargleT 

Semdegi sakiTxebiT: 

a) ganvixiloT politikuri viTareba TurqeTSi 

pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg; 

b) vaCvenoT aTaTurqis roli ganmaTavisuflebel 

moZraobaSi; 

g) gavaanalizoT qemalizmis principebis mniSvn 

eloba respublikur TurqeTSi; 

d) gamovarkvioT, Tu ra roli Seasrula qemali 

zmis reformebma TurqeTis politikuri sistemis Camoyalibebis 

saqmeSi. 

naSromis qronologiuri CarCoebi moicavs XX 

saukunis 20-ian wlebs, rac ganapiroba im garemoebam, 

rom swored am periodSi samoRvaweo asparezze gamovida 

mustafa qemal aTaTurqi da TurqeTis cxov- 

rebaSi daiwyo axali etapi, romelmac gadamWreli 

roli Seasrula respublikuri TurqeTis sazogadoeb- 

riv-politikur cxovrebaSi. 

5

vidre uSualod sakiTxis gaSuqebas Sevudgebo 

deT, saWirod migvaCnia mokled mimovixiloT aRniS 

nul sakiTxze arsebuli wyaroebi da literatura. 

naSromis wyaroTmcodneobasa da istoriogra 

fiul bazas, romelsac Cven veyrdnobiT, sakmaod mravalferovania, 

romlis Seswavla da analizi did 

yuradRebas imsaxurebs. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia: 

mustafa qemal aTaTurqis gamonaTqvamebi; mosazrebe- 

bi; Sexedulebebi ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaze; qemalizmis 

principebze; saxelmwifos mowyobis for- 

mebze da sxva(1-9). 

TurqeTis respublikaSi politikuri sistemis 

Camoyalibebis saqmeSi saintereso wyaros warmoa 

dgens Turqi mecnieris sendai nedinis naSromi ”aTa- 

Turqi”(10). sadac safuZvlianadaa warmodgenili erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel 

moZraobaSi da saxelmwifo 

sistemis CamoyalibebaSi mustafa qemalis adgili da 

roli. 

respublikur TurqeTSi aTaTurqsa da qemalizmis 

principebs saintereso gamokvleva miuZRvna cnobi 

lma Turqma mecnierma asim alsanma(62), sadac avtori 

safuZvlianad mimoixilavs aTaTurqis fenomens res- 

publikuri TurqeTis daarsebaSi. Ddokumenturi da 

faqtobrivi masalebis damowmebiT aRwers qemalizmis 

principebsa da mis rols saxelmwifo sistemis Camoyalibebis 

saqmeSi. 

yofil sabWoTa istoriografiaSi Tanamedrove 

TurqeTis saSinao politikis sakiTxebs saintereso 

gamokvlevebi miuZRvnes cnobilma rusma mecnierebma. 

6

am mxriv aRniSvnis Rirsia a.Samsudinovis naSromi: 

“1918-1923 wlebis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZ- 

raoba TurqeTSi”(54), saidanac vgebulobT, rom Tur- 

qeTis saSinao politikaSi 1918-1923 wleebSi gadamwyve- 

ti roli iTamaSa aTaTurqma, romelmac srulyo saxelmwifos 

sistemis Camoyalibeba. 

aRniSvnis Rirsia i.rozalievis naSromi „aTaTur- 

qis cxovreba da moRvaweoba.” sadac mkvlevari mimoixilavs 

qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikuri ganvi- 

Tarebis metad saintereso sakiTxebs da did adgils 

uTmobs aTaTurqis rols saxelmwifo sistemis Camoya- 

libebis saqmeSi(51-52). 

TurqeTis 1918-1939 wlebis istorias saintereso 

gamokvleva miuZRvna rusma mecnierma n.Llavrovma, sadac 

avtori cdilobs mkiTxvels gaacnos, Tu ra 

rols asrulebs qemalizmis principebi qveynis sa- 

Sinao politikaSi(43). 

Tanamedrove TurqeTis saSinao politikis problemebTan 

dakavSirebiT sainteresoa qarTveli mecnie- 

rebis gamokvlevebi.. am TvalsazrisiT, aRniSvnis 

Rirsia, cnobili qarTveli Turqologis o. giginei- 

Svilis naSromebi(17.18). sadac mecnieri did adgils 

uTmobs respublikuri TurqeTis iseT sakiTxebs, 

rogoricaa: nacionalizmis, qemalizmis, osmaleTis 

saSinao da sagareo politikis sxvadasxva sakiTxebi. 

cnobil qarTvel aRmosavleTmcodnes, profesor 

m.svaniZes ekuTvnis saintereso gamokvleva, osmaleTis 

istoria (nawili.II.III.) (33.34), sadac avtori safuZ 

7

vlianad mimoixilavs respublikuri TurqeTis istorias. 

dokumentebze dayrdnobiT gvawvdis uamrav 

saintereso masalas. 

Tanamedrove TurqeTSi armiis adgilsa da rols 

araerTi samecniero gamokvleva miuZRvna qarTvelma 

Turqologma z.batiaSvilma. am mxriv aRniSvnis Rir- 

sia naSromi - „TurqeTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi” (12). 

z.batiaSvilma, mdidari literaturisa da Turquli 

wyaroebis gamoyenebiT sistemaSi moiyvana da farTo 

samsjavroze gamoitana naSromi, sadac axleburadaa 

warmoCenili TurqeTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis isto- 

ria da misi roli respublikuri, laicisturi TurqeTis 

cxovrebaSi. 

evropeizaciisa da laicizmis sakiTxebs respub 

likur TurqeTSi saintereso gamokvleva miuZRvna 

qarTvelma Turqologma g.sordiam, naSromSi „evro 

peizacia Tanamedrove TurqeTSi” (31,32). 

miuxedavad aseTi intensiuri kvlevebisa, Cven miz- 

nad davisaxeT erTobliobaSi mogveyvana da warmogvedgina 

naSromi, romelSic naTlad iqneboda asaxuli 

mustafa qemal aTaTurqis roli respublikuri TurqeTis 

Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. 

amgvarad, warmodgenil naSromSi aRniSnuli 

problemebis Seswavla naTels mohfens aTaTurqisa da 

qemalizmis sakiTxebs qveynis cxovrebaSi da politikuri 

sistemis Camoyalibebis formebs respublikur 

TurqeTSi. 

8

Tavi Tavi I. I. mustafa mustafa qemal qemal aTaTurqis aTaTurqis roli 

roli 

ganmaTavisuflebel ganmaTavisuflebel moZraoba 

moZraobaSi 

moZraoba Si 

@$ I. I. politi politikuri 

politi politikuri 

kuri viTareba viTareba viTareba TurqeTSi 



pirveli pirveli pirveli msoflio msoflio msoflio omis omis omis Semdeg Semdeg 

Semdeg 

pirvel msoflio omSi(1914-1918) osmaleTis uzar 

mazarma saxelmwifom, romelic germaniis mxareze 

ibrZoda, marcxi ganicada. rac osmaleTs sakmaod Zvi- 

ri daujda. 

msoflioSi Seqmnili viTarebidan gamomdinare, iqm- 

neboda imis saSiSroeba, rom Turq ers aRar rCeboda 

saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCunebis aranairi perspeqti- 

va [54.146]. 

1918 wlis 30 oqtombers osmaleTma xeli moawera 

mudrosis mZime sazavo xelSekrulebas, riTac moxda 

sulTnis xelisuflebis da sruliad osmaleTis 

demobilizacia. antantis kontrols daeqvemdebara 

qveynisaTvis yvelaze sasicocxlo obieqtebi: srutee- 

bi, telegrafi, fosta, rkinigza da sxva[12.35]. 

1918 wlis 13 noembers inglisis, safrangeTis, ita- 

liis da saberZneTis samxedro sazRvao floti Se- 

vida oqros yureSi (stambolSi) da sulTnis sasax- 

lis win Ruzა CauSva. Pparalelurad ingliselebma 

trapizonsa da samsunSi gadasxes samxedro razmebi. 

sadac ganzraxuli iyo „pontos saxelmwi fos“ Seqmna. 

safrangeTis jarebma daikaves adanis olqi da mimde- 

9

are raionebi, italielebma anatolia da mezobeli 

olqebi qalaq koniamდe, ingliseli agentebi qurTis- 

tanSi amzadebdnen ajanyebas damoukidebeli saxel- 

mwifos Sesaqmnelad. saberZneTis jarebma, 1919 wlis 

15 maiss daikaves q. izmiri da daiwyes qveynis siRr- 

meSi winsvla[22.98]. 

antantis saxelmwifoebis varaudiT isini SeZlebd- 

nen sabolood moexdinaT osmaleTis teritoriis 

mTliani danawileba. radganac dro maTTvis metad 

xelsayreli iyo. am periodSi axlo da Sua aRmosav- 

leTis regionSi mTavar rols inglisi asrulebda. 

romelic pirveli msoflio omis bolos gaxda axlo 

aRmosavleTis faqtobrivi baton-patroni. male misi 

kontrolis qveS aRmoCnda samxreT-aRmosavleT anato- 

lia da kilikia. isini kontrols uwevdnen agreTve 

eraysa da sirias. aRmosavleTi anatolia emorCle- 

boda kavkasiaSi myof inglisis saokupacio jarebs, 

xolo centraluri da dasavleT anatolia ki - 

inglisis jaris mTavarsardals TurqeTsa da kav- 

kasiaSi general milnas. garda amisa inglisma Tavisi 

xelisufleba daamyara baRdadis rkinigzazec[51.13]. 

sulTani da misi mTavroba inglisisa da safran 

geTis mona-morCili gaxda. 1918 wlis 21 dekembers 

gamovida sulTnis brZanebuleba osmaleTis deputat- 

Ta palatis(mejlisi) daTxovnis Sesaxeb. 

1919 wlis ianvarSi parizSi gaixsna konferencia, 

romelsac unda SeemuSavebina samSvidobo sazavo xel- 

10

Sekrulebebi pirvel msoflio omSi damarcxebul 

saxemwifoebTan, maT Soris osmaleTTan. 

1919 wlis 9 ianvars saberZneTis mTavrobam parizis 

konferencias gaugzavna memorandumi, romelSic 

naTqvami iyo, rom anatoliaSi cxovrobs 2,5 milioni 

berZeni, romlebic ocneboben saberZneTTan gaerTia- 

nebaze, xolo Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT raion- 

Si maT surdaT SeeqmnaT pontoს saxelmwifo sa- 

berZneTis proteqtoratis qveS. isini agreTve moiT- 

xovdnen, gadaecaT maTTvis izmiri da konstantine- 

polze daewesebinaT erTa ligis kontroli. 

parizis konferenciaze italiis warmomadgenelma 

orlandom protestis formiT ganacxada, rom lon- 

donis xelSekrulebiT izmiri italias unda gadas- 

cemoda. italielebma gaiges Tu ara, rom saberZneTs 

unda gadascemoda izmiri, gadawyvites daeswroT 

berZnebisaTvis da 1919 wlis 4 maiss italiis jari 

gadasxes izmiridan 60 km-is daSorebiT q. kuSadasiSi. 

italielebs arc berZnebi CamorCnen. 15 maiss 

daiwyo saberZneTis armiis gadasxma izmirSi da 15 

dRis ganmavlobaSi okupirebeli iqna mTeli izmiris 

vilaeTi[43.150]. 

aseTi rTuli viTarebis fonze, osmaleTis saxel- 

mwifos yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi dadga. swored am 

urTulesma viTarebam aiZula Turqi eris gamorCeuli 

sazogadoeba, centralur anatoliaSi moexdinaT Ta- 

namoazreTa gaerTianeba da safuZveli CaeyraT erov- 

nul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisaTvis[14.6]. 

11

Tavdapirvelad, ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobis 

mTavari Zala iyo omiT gaCanagebuli glexoba. brZo- 

laSi pirvelni Caebnen is partizanuli razmebi, rom- 

lebSic gaerTianebuli iyvnen frontidan TviTnebu- 

rad dabrunebuli SeiaraRebuli jariskacebi. parti- 

zanuli brZola SemdegSi ufro organizebuli xdeba 

da masobriv xasiaTs iRebs. 

glexobasTan erTad erovnul moZraobaSi aqtiu- 

rad ebmeba muSaTa klasic. xolo eris medroSis 

rolSi ki gamovida erovnuli burJuazia. SemTxveviTi 

ar iyo is faqti, rom Turqi xalxis ganmanTavisuf- 

lebeli moZraobis bazad iqca TurqeTis aziuri 

nawili, kerZod anatolia. swored aq iyo koncentri- 

rebuli Turqi glexobis ZiriTadi masa, wvrili mema- 

muleebi, romlebic eris jansaR nawils Seadgendnen 

[24.42]. 

pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi TurqeTis ekonomi- 

kuri cxovrebis centrma anatoliisaken gadainacvla. 

romelic gaxda aReb-micemobisa da sawarmo saqmia- 

nobis mniSvnelovani baza. ramac gaaZliera anato- 

liis savaWro burJuaziis saqmianobis sfero. Tumca 

okupantebis mier qveynis sruli dayofis gegmebma 

seriozuli safrTxe Seuqmna mis monapovars. qveynis 

ekonomikuri da politikuri interesebi ukarnaxebda 

maT gamosuliyvnen qveynis erovnuli intresebis 

damcvelad[55.23]. 

pirvel xanebSi, anatoliis burJuazia da mema- 

muleebi Tavs ikavebdnen da dacdis taqtikas adgnen, 

12

magram rodesac saxalxo partizanulma omma didi 

gasaqani miiRo da anatoliis did nawils moedo, 

isinic aqtiurad Caebnen brZolaSi. 

mowinaaRmdegebis winaaRmdeg brZolis uSualo 

xelmZRvanelisa da organizatoris, anatoliis bur- 

Juaziis ideur miswrafebaTa gamomxatvelis rolSi 

gamovida erovnuli inteligenciis mowinave, patrio- 

tuli nawili, kerZod, progresuli oficroba. swo- 

red maTi rigebidan gamovida Turqi xalxis Tavi- 

suflebisaTis mebrZoli samxedro da politikuri 

xelmZRvaneli, Turqi xalxis didi Svili mustafa 

qemali. am brZolaSi gansakuTrebuli rolisa da 

damsaxurebis gamo ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobam 

qemalisturi moZraobis saxeli miiRo[26.55]. 

Turq ersa da TurqeTis saxelmwifos aseT sabe- 

diswero viTarebaSi sWirdeboda energiuli, gabedu- 

li, SorsmWvreteli saxelmwifo da politikuri 

moRvawe. aseT pirovnebad TurqeTs Mmustafa qemali 

moevlina[34.37]. 

$ II. m.q.aTaTurqi m.q.aTaTurqi da da ganmaTavisuflebeli 

ganmaTavisuflebeli 

moZraoba 

moZraoba 

mustafa qemali, SemdegSi aTaTurqad(Turqebis ma- 

ma) wodebuli daibada 1881 wels qalaq salonikSi. 

dabadebis TariRTan dakavSirebiT aTaTurqi ambobda: 

13

„me ar vici zustad Cemi dabadebis dRe, magram rad- 

ganac Tqven ase gainteresebT da gsurT amis gageba, 

maSin getyviT, es 19 maisia“[71.30]. 

dawyebiTi ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg, man swavla 

saxelmwifo samoqalo saSualo skolaSi ganagrZo. 

sadac, moswavlis iSviaTi niWisa da sxarti gonebis 

gamo, maswavlebelma mustafa beim, axalgazrdis sa- 

xels qemali (Rirseuli) daumata da miiRo srulfa- 

sovani saxeli mustafa qemali[35.18]. 

salonikis samxedro samoqalaqo skolis damTav- 

rebis Semdeg, 1896-1899 wlebSi, Mmustafa qemali swav- 

lobda osmalur saxelmwifo samxedro liceumSi, 

romlis damTavrebis Semdeg, 1899 wels 13 marts 

swavla gaagrZela stambolSi samxedro skolaSi, ro- 

melic 1902 wels leitenantis CiniT daasrula. imave 

wels swavla ganagrZo samxedro akademiaSi da asis- 

Tavis wodebiT saswavleblis kursdamTavrebuli gax- 

da [44.12]. 

stambolis umaRles samxedro generaluri Stabis 

akademiis saswavlebelSi yofnisas is gaitaca Tan- 

zimaTis periodis Turq-nacionalistTa ideebma, dau- 

kavSirda sulTan abdul-hamid II-is mimarT opoziciu- 

rad ganwyobil axalgazrda oficrebs. akademiis 

damTavrebis Semdeg qemalma 1906 wels damaskoSi, Sem- 

deg ki sxva qalaqebSi TanamoazreebTan erTad daaar- 

sa „samSoblosa da progresis organizacia“ [33.200]. 

aTaTurqma maleve daimsaxura „axalgazrda Turq- 

Ta“ mier Seqmnili „moqmedebis armiis“ Stabis ufro- 

14

soba. 1911 wels gaxda maiori. monawileobda italia- 

osmaleTis (1911-1912) da balkaneTis meore (1913) omeb- 

Si. 1913-1915 wlebSi iyo osmaleTis samxedro ataSe 

bulgareTSi, saidanac moqmed armiaSi gadaiyvanes. 1914 

wles polkovnikis wodeba miiRo. 

pirvel msoflio omSi aTaTurqi sxvadasxva 

frontze ibrZoda, sadac man miiRo faSas anu ge- 

nerlis tituli. omSi osmaleTis damarcxebisa da 

antantis qveynebis mier misi teritoriebis didi 

nawilis okupaciis Semdeg qemal faSa mouwodebda 

sulTan mehmed V-s okupantTa winaaRmdeg aqtiuri 

brZolis dawyebisaken[21.20]. 

osmaleTis kapitulaciis Semdeg qveynis sxvadasxva 

raionebSi teriotriebis dacvis mizniT daiwyo (erT- 

maneTisagan damoukideblad) sxvadasxva politikuri 

organizaciebis daarseba. 

1918 wlis bolos aTaTurqis ZalisxmeviT Trakia- 

Sia, izmirsa da kilikiaSi Seiqmna ”uflebaTa dacvis 

sazogadoeba;” “decentralizaciis sazogadoeba;” 

”erovnuli kongresi” da sxva. 

1919 wlis damdegamde, am sazogadoebebis da or- 

ganizaciebis umravlesoba ganicdida pacifistur gav- 

lenas. isini imedovnebdnen „samarTliani“ samSvidobo 

xelSekrulebis dadebas, amitomac maTi saqmianoba ar 

iyo mimarTuli okupantebis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli 

brZolisaken, aramed kmayofild ebodnen mxolod 

mitingebis CatarebiTa da politikuri statiebis 

gamoqveynebiT. magram viTarebis gauaresebis gamo maTi 

15

iluziebi male daimsxvra. saWiro iyo dawyebuliyo 

saxalxo moZraoba, magram am dros TurqeTis burJua- 

zias ar hyavda jer kidev erTiani organizacia, rome- 

lic SeZlebda saTaveSi Casdgomoda am moZraobas 

[40.122]. 

msoflio omSi Cabmis Semdeg qemali dainiSna me-19 

qveiTi diviziis meTaurad. igi monawileobda dar- 

danelis operaciaSi, sadac miiRo polkovnikis Cini. 

1916 wlis agvistoSi igi meTaurobda biTlizisa da 

munis operaciebSi. 1917 wlis zafxulSi ki sard- 

lobda me-7 armias, romelic baRdadsa da mesopota- 

miis raionSi iyo ganlagebuli. 

1917 wlis 15 dekembridan 1918 wlis 5 ianvramde 

mustafa qemali berlinSi Tan axlda ufliswul va- 

hidedins. 1918 wlisaTvis igi kvlav dainiSna me-7 

armiis sardlad, swored aq mouswro mas pirvel 

msoflio omis dazavebam[37.30]. 

mudrosis zavis Semdeg qemalma moaxdina jarebis 

evakuacia kilikiaSi da cdilobda gaewia winaaRmde- 

goba inglisis jarebisaTvis mosulis raionSi, magram 

mTavrobisagan ver miiRo mxardaWera da 1918 wlis 10 

noembers igi stambolSi dabrunda. 

stambolSi yofnis dros mustafa qemalma Tavis 

garSemo daiwyo im pirebis Semokreba romlebic uk- 

mayofilo iyvnen okupantebis saqmianobiT da sulTnis 

meTaurobiT Semrigebluri politikiT. im dros mus- 

tafa qemals imedi hqonda, rom osmaleTis kritikuli 

mdgomareobidan gamosvla SesaZlebeli iqneboda, Tu 

16

Seiqmneboda axali qmediTi mTavroba da mas unari 

eqneboda gadamwyveti zomebi mieRo qveynis erovnuli 

interesebis dasacavad, magram sulTnis garSemo 

mokalaTebulma didma moxeleebma yurad ar iRes 

qemalis patriotuli mowodebebi. 

aseT viTarebaSi aTaTurqma miiRo swori gadawyv 

etileba. man interventebis winaaRmdeg Zalebis gaer- 

Tianeba daiwyo anatoliidan, sadac saamisod metad 

xelsayreli pirobebi iyo[51.13]. 

TurqeTSi socialuri reformebis gansaxorcie 

leblad, upirveles yovlisa saWiro iyo brZola sao- 

kupacio reJimis winaaRmdeg, maSin rodesac srutee- 

bi da terioria antantis qveynebisaTvis mniSvnelovan 

SenaZens warmoadgenda[17.52]. 

1919 wlis 19 maiss Mmustafa qemali samsunSi Cavi- 

da. Turqul istoriografiaSi sawored es dRe iTv- 

leba erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis dawye- 

bis TariRad [67.30]. 

1919 wlis maisis bolos, qveyanaSi Seqmnil viTa- 

rebas mustafa qemal aTaTurqi Semdegnairad axasia- 

Tebda: “Turquli armia TiTqmis ganadgurebulia, es 

im pirobebSi, rodesac antantasa da TurqeTs Soris 

daido am ukanasknelisaTvis metad araxelsayreli 

xelSekruleba, sulTani vahidedini, mxolod sakuTa- 

ri taxtis SenarCunebisaTvis zrunavs. demad ferid 

faSas kabinets ara aqvs arc Zala, arc Rirseba da 

arc gambedaoba, igi sulTnis morCilia da eTanxmeba 

mis nebismier gadawyvetilebas”[41.23]. 

17

sulTani da misi mTavroba, romelsac zurgs 

inglisi umagrebda Riad gamovida erovnul-ganmaTa 

visuflebeli moZraobis winaaRmdeg. muslimTa su- 

lierma liderma Seixul-islamma erovnul-ganmaTavi- 

suflebeli moZraoba dagmo da qemal aTaTurqs dam- 

naSave uwoda. 1920 wlis maisSi, samxedro sasamarT- 

lom stambulSi, qemal faSas sikvdiliT dasjis 

ganaCeni gamoutana[59.78]. 

Turqul istoriografiaSi Seswavlilia aTaTu 

rqis ideuri Camoyalibebis gza. Turqma Tu ucxoe 

lma moazrovneebma gamokveTili roli Seasrules qe- 

malis ideuri formirebis saqmeSi, romelTac gavlena 

moaxdines aTaTurqis interesebsa da Sexedulebebis 

garkveuli mimarTulebiT warmarTvaze. 

aTaTurqis axalgazrdobis dros Turqul inte- 

ligenciaSi gavrcelebuli ideebi, SemdegSi qemaliz- 

mis principebad mogvevlina. aTaTurqiseuli azrovne- 

bis sistema, Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRvaweoba da 

misi Sedegebi jer kidev sicocxleSive did feno- 

menad iqna aRiarebuli[10.80.]. 

didi saxelmwifoebis dapirispirebis fonze aTa- 

Turqi ’’fadiSahis wminda droSiT” Seudga ganmaTavi- 

suflebel moZraobas. man brZolis dawyebis win 

xalxs mouwoda: “samSoblos xelSeuvaloba da da- 

moukidebloba safrTxeSia, centraluri mTavroba ver 

asrulebs Tavis movaleobas, ris gamoc saWiroa 

moviwvioT erovnuli yriloba, romlic Tavisufali 

iqneba yovelive gavlenisa da kontrolisagan”[1.23]. 

18

mustafa qemali mas Semdeg rac darwmunda, rom 

xalxi gahyveboda okupantebis winaaRmdeg sabrZol- 

velad, man weriliT orjer mimarTa sulTans da 

Seecada daerwmunebina is, rom Casdgomoda saTaveSi 

am moZraobas, magram sulTani arc ki gamoexmaura am 

mowodebas, piriqiT, wavida okupantebTan SeTanxme- 

baze. 

1919 wlis 20 ivniss q. amasiaSi mustafa qemalis 

xelmZRvanelobiT saidumlod Seikriba armiis nawi- 

lebis meTaurebi, yofili sazRvao ministri husein 

rauf bei; XX korpusis meTauri ali fuad faSa; re- 

feT faSa; hamiT bei da sxvebi. mustafa qemali dau- 

kavSirda XV armiis meTaurs qazim yara beqirsa da 

XIII korpusis meTaurs qemal faSas, romlebmac ver 

moaxerxes amasiaSi Casvla. krebam miiRo saidumlo 

cirkulari, romelic gaegzavna samxedro da samoqa- 

laqo xelisufalT. romelSic aRniSnuli iyo Ziri- 

Tadi moTxovnilebebi: 

stambolis xelisufleba ver asrulebda masze da- 

kisrebul movaleobas; eris damoukideblobas Tavad 

erma unda uzrunvelyos; aucilebeli iyo erovnuli 

mTavrobis Seqmna, romelic msoflios Seatyobinebda 

Turqi xalxis nebas da sxva. 

amasiaSi TaTbiris dros TurqeTis damoukide 

blobis dasacavad Seiqmna sainiciativo jgufi, ro- 

melmac Tavis Tavze aiRo patriotuli Zalebis 

gaerTianeba da erTiani frontis Seqmna[53.78]. 

19

1919 wlis 22 ivniss mustafa qemalma am jgufis 

saxeliT miwveva gaugzavna armiis korpusebis me- 

Taurebs, gubernatorebs, sxvadasxva sazogadoebebs, 

politikur da religiur moRvaweebs, qalaqis gamgeb- 

lebs, monawileoba mieRoT sivasis kongresis mu- 

SaobaSi. mustafa qemali cdilobda erovnul-ganmaTa- 

visuflebel moZraobaSi rac SeiZleboda meti masebi 

miezida, rom mas namdvilad saxalxo xasiaTi hqonoda. 

igi iTvaliswinebda, “erianobis da progresis” par- 

tiis mier daSvebul Secdomebs, romlebic xalxisagan 

izolirebuli iyvnen. mas mxolod armiaze dayrdnoba 

saxifaTod miaCnda, radgan damarcxebuli armiis 

ndoba ramdenad SeiZleboda jer kidev sakiTxavi iyo. 

am SemTxvevaSi winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi mTeli xal 

xis Cabma iyo saWiro. rac did Zalisxmevas moiTxov- 

da. “osmaleTis mTavrobis, fadiSahisa da xalifas 

winaaRmdeg mTeli xalxisa da armiis ajanyeba iyo 

saWiro” - werda mustafa qemali[50.12.]. igi telegra- 

fiT daukavSirda qveynis sxvadasxva regionebs, 

sxvadasxva polotikur organizaciebs da Seecada 

moexdina maTi koordinacia. amasiis cirkulari man 

mizanmimarTulad gamoiyena. 

anatoliaSi xalxis darazmvisa da gaerTianebebis 

es mcdeloba stambulis xelisuflebam ajanyabad mo- 

naTla. mokavSireTa mTavarsardalma ingliselma gene- 

ralma milnma TurqeTis samxedro ministrs mosTxova 

dauyonebliv daebrunebina mustafa qemali dedaqalaq- 

Si, razedac man uari miiRo. 

20

1919 wlis 8 ivliis mustafa qemali gadadga 

Tanamdebobidan. sulTanis mTavrobam ki igi “meamboxe 

ganerlad” gamoacxada[52.37]. 

1919 wlis 23 ivlisidan 7 agvistomde erzrumSi 

Catarda “aRmosavleTis vilaieTebis uflebaTa dac- 

vis sazogadoebebis” kongresi, romelSic monawileo- 

ba moiRi 54 deputatma. kongresis Tavmjdomared 

arCeuli iqna mustafa qemal faSa. kongresma miiRo 

rezolucia da manifesti, romelSic gacxadebuli 

iyo, rom Turqi xalxi ar dauSvebda aRmosavleT 

anatoliis danawevrebasa da dakabalebas. kongresis 

gadawyvetilebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom “aRmosavleTis 

vilaeTebi warmoadgens erT mTlian nawils da aran- 

airi sababiT ar SeiZleba mowyviton osmaleTis 

saxelmwifos.” man airCia cxra kacisagan Semdgari 

warmomadgenlobiTi komiteti, romliTac safuZveli 

daedo anatoliis axal xelisuflebas, romelmac 

moamzada pirobebi sivasis kongresis Casatareblad 

[75.89]. 

1919 wlis 4-12 seqtembes sivasSi Seikriba “anato- 

liisa da rumeliis uflebaTa dacvis sazogadoebis” 

kongresi, romelSic garkveuli mizezebis gamo mona- 

wileoba miiRo mxolod 33 deputatma. sivasis kong- 

resze, iseve rogorc erzrumSi, umTavresad warmod- 

genili iyvnen maRali qonebrivi cenzis mqone fenebi: 

memamuleebi, vaWrebi, sasuliero pirebi, oficrebi, 

Cinovnikebi, iuristebi da TurqeTis inteligenciis 

sxva warmomadgenlebi [54.62]. 

21

sivasis kongresis gadawyvetilebas ufro didi 

mniSvneloba hqonda nacionaluri ganTavisuflebis 

safuZvlebis SemuSavebaSi. kongresma daamtkica erz- 

rumis rezolucia da miiRo gadawyvetileba gaevrce- 

lebina igi mTeli TurqeTis teritoriaze. M 

kongresze, mustafa qemalis xelmZRvanelobiT air- 

Cies 16 kacisagan Semdgari axali warmomadgenlobiTi 

komiteti. 

1919 wlis 2 oqtimbers sulTanma Secvala ferid 

faSas mTavoba senator ali riza faSaTi da mas daa- 

vala anatoliaSi nacionaluri moZraobis ganadgu- 

reba“ [65.120]. 

sivasis kongresi iTvleba ”saxalxo respubli 

kuri partiis” pirvel yrilobad. SemdgomSi Mmustafa 

qemali acxadebda, rom “es partia iyo “saxelmwifos 

Semqmneli”[76.98].Aam etapze qemalisa da mis mier 

Seqmnili axali politikuri Zalis mizani iyo ara im- 

denad antantis saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg moqmedeba, 

aramed sulTnis xelisuflebaSi anatolis moZraobis 

mimarT simpaTiiT ganwyobil ministrebTan Tu 

sxvadasxva moxeleebTan TanamSromlobiT axali al- 

ternatiuli xelisuflebis Seqmna. 

1919 wlis 22 oqtombes moxda morigeba sulTnis 

xelisuflebis mTavrobis meTaur ali rizasTan da 

ministr salih faSasTan. SeTanxmebis mixedviT stam- 

bolisagan damoukideblad unda Camoyalibebuliyo 

deputatTa axali sabWo. SemdgomSi movlenebi swored 

SeTanxmebis mixedviT ganviTarda[62.130]. 

22

1919 wlis dekemberSi TurqeTSi gaimarTa sapar 

lamento arCevnebi, romelSic qemalis momxreebma, anu 

qemalistebma gaimarjves. 1920 wlis 12 ianvars, stam- 

bolSi gaimarTa axali parlamentis sesia. 29 ianvars 

sxdomaze miiRes qemalistebis mier SeTavazebuli 

“erovnuli aRTqmis” deklaracia, romelic mimarTuli 

iyo qveynis dasacavad da interventebis winaaRmdeg 

sabrZolvelad. 16 marts ingliselebma jarebi gadas- 

xes stmbolSi da daarbies parlamentis Senoba. 

Ddeputatebis nawili daapatimres da kunZul maltaze 

gadaasaxles. Qstamboli okupirebuli iqna ingli- 

selTa jarebis mier. 

1920 wlis martSi sulTani inaxula deputatTa 

partiis delgaciam rauf beis xelmZRvaneobiT da 

Txova saTaveSi Casdgomoda ganmaTavisuflebel moZ- 

robas. romlis sanacvlodac sulTanma upasuxa, ‘’ing- 

liselebs axlave SeuZliaT aiRon Aankara da maTTan 

brZola ki iluzia ariso’’[58.65]. 

1920 wlis martSi qemalistebis inicitiviT gaimaTa 

paramentis riggareSe arCevnebi. xolo 1920 wlis 23 

apils ankraSi gaixsna didi erovnuli kreba (mej- 

lisi). es iyo erTpartiuli parlamenti, sadac dele- 

girebuli iyo 233 deputati. 105 deputati Camovida 

stambolidan, mas Semdeg, rac deputatTa palata 

daTxovnil iqna nacionaluri umciresoba warmodge- 

nili iyo qurTebiT, lazebiTa da CerqezebiT. P 

parlamentis Tavmjdomared xmebis umravlesobiT 

arCeul iqna Mmustafa qemal faSa[6.138]. 

23

axalma parlamentma Tavisi saqmianobis meore 

dResve, 1876 wlis konstituciis gaTvaliswinebis ga- 

reSe miiRo gadawyvetileba axali saxelisuflebo 

sistemis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. Pparlaments unda aer- 

Cia mTavrobis wevrebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv pasu- 

xismgebeli iqnebodnen parlamentis winaSe. 

parlamentis Tavmjdomare iTavsebda mTavrobis 

Tavmjdomaris kompetenciasac. TurqeTis didi erovnu- 

li krebis mier 2 maiss miRebuli kanonis Sesabamisad 

faqtobrivad iqmneboda axali sistema. muSaoba 

daiwyes axali konstituciis proeqtze, romelic mi- 

Rebul iqna 1921 wlis 20 ianvars. Aam konstituciiT, 

ar iyo formirebuli Tu ra tipis mmarTveloba iqm- 

neboda TurqeTSi, respublikuri Tu monarqiuli. im 

periodSi, am sakiTxis dasmas qemalistebma droebiT 

Segnebulad aarides Tavi. 

qveyanaSi TurqeTis didi nacionaluri kreba ga- 

mocxadda erTaderT kanonier xelisufebad, romelmac 

Tavis TavSi gaaerTiana, rogorc sakanonmdeblo ise 

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. stambolis okupaciis 

Semdeg sulTnis mier gacemuli yvela brZaneba gauq- 

mebuli iqna. 1920 wlis 3 maiss parlamentma Mmustafa 

qemalis xemZRvanelobiT airCia 11 kacisgan Semdgari 

mTavoba, romelic axorcielebda aRmasrulebel xe- 

lisuflebas parlamentis saxeliT[34.210]. 

TurqeTis didi erovnuli kreba Tavisi Semadg 

enlobiT Wreli iyo. masSi Tavmoyrili iyvnen sxvad 

asxva mrwamsisa da Sexedulebis adamianebi. zogi 

24

maTgani garkveul periodSi “erTianobisa da prog 

resis” partiis wevri iyo.PparlamentSi mravlad 

iyvnen warmodgenili agreTve ukiduresad religiuri 

da konservatori liderebic. soliduri warmomad- 

genloba hyavdaT agreTve qurTebsac. maT pirvel 

etapze ar gamoumJRavnebiaT azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, mag- 

ram naTeli iyo, rom aseTi parlamenti erTsulovani 

ver iqneboda. K 

konstituciis miRebis Semdeg daiwyo winaRmde 

gobis moZraobis aSkara gamokveTa. Seiqmna “solid 

arobisa da “simarTlis dacvis” jgufi. 

mustafa qemali mixvda, rom aseTi danawevreba 

parlamentis muSaobas gaarTulebda, amitom es jgufi 

gaaerTina “anatoliisa da Trakiis uflebaTa dacvis 

politikur jgufSi,” romelsac SemdgomSi “pirveli 

jgufi” ewoda. EerTi wlis Semdeg, 1922 wlis ivlisSi 

aRniSnul jgufs gamoeyo deputatTa garkveuli rao- 

denoba, romelTac daarses opoziciuri gaerTianeba - 

”anatoliisa da Trakiis uflebaTa dacvis meore 

jgufis” saxelwodebiT[54.97]. 

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobam anatolia- 

Si gaaZliera sulTnisa da imperialistebis SeSfo- 

Teba. maT kidec gagzavnes anatoliaSi “xalifas 

armia,” magram partizanulma razmebma igi gaanadgu- 

res. maSin antantis qveynebma waaqezes saberZneTis 

mTavroba, sanacvlod ki dahpirdnen TurqeTis teri- 

toriis did nawils. 

25

1920 wlis ivnisSi saberZneTis armia daiZra iz- 

miridan.MMmaT moaxerxes Turqi partizanebis winaaRm- 

degobis daZleva da aiRes baliqesiri, bursa da ana- 

toliis siRrmeSi Sevidnen. imave TveSi daikaves 

edirne[54.100]. 

antantis qveynebs surdaT es droebiTi warmateba 

iuridiulad gaeformebinaT. 1920 wlis 10 agvistos, 

q.sevrSi xeli moewera pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi 

gamarjvebul qveynebsa da sulTnis mTavrobas Soris 

samSvidobo-sazavo xelSekrulebas, romlis mixedvi- 

Tac aRmosavleT Trakia, edirne da izmiri saberZneTs 

unda gadascemoda; mosuri_ingliss; isqenderoni da 

siriis sazRvris gaswvriv didi nawili safrangeTs; 

aRmosavleT anatoliaSi iTvaliswinebdnen sazRvris 

gayofas daSnakur somxeTTan da damoukidebeli qur- 

Tis tanis Seqmnas, rac specialur komisias unda moex 

dina. Aanatoliis danarCeni nawili antantis qveynebs 

Soris ”gavlenis sferod” unda danawilebuliyo. 

sruteebi, saerTaSoriso komisiis xelSi gadadioda, 

romlis wevrebic diplomatiuri imunitetiT sar- 

geblobdnen. sruteebis komisias hqonda Tavisi droSa, 

hyavda mosamsaxure aparati, policia da erTgvarad 

warmoadgenda saxelmwifos saxelmwifoSi. unda momx- 

dariyo sruteebis demilitarizacia. sruteebiT sar- 

gebloba Tavisufali iqneboda yvelasaTvis, omisa da 

mSvidobianobis dros[51.25]. 

sevris xelSekrulebiT, TurqeTs rCeboda centra- 

luri Aanatolia dedaqalaqi stamboliT. igi cnobda 

26

mandats siriaze, eraysa da palestinaze, aRiarebda 

inglisis proteqtorats egvipteze, safrangeTis pro- 

teqtorats marokosa da tunisze. agreTve uars am- 

bobda libiaze. TurqeTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis 

raodenoba ganisazRvra 50,700 kaciT. TurqeTi valde- 

buli iyo eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi moexdina Tavisi 

armiis demobilizacia, aRdgenil iqna kapitulaciebis 

reJimi, sakonsulo sasamarTloebi da sxva. 

sevris zavis pirobebma didi ukmayofileba ga- 

moiwvia mTel TurqeTSi da sulTnis mTavrobam ver 

gabeda misi ratifikacia[17.29]. 

1921 wlis 16 marts mustafa qemalis mTavrobasa da 

sabWoTa ruseTs Soris, moskovSi megobro bisa da 

Zmobis xelSekrulebis gaformebam didad SeaSfoTa 

antantis qveynebi. maT 1921 wlis TebervalSi moiwvies 

londonis konferencia, sadac warmodgenili iyo 

sulTnisa (stamboli) da qemalisturi(ankara) mTavro- 

ba. inglisi cdilobda TurqeTis mTavrobisagan 

mieRwia sevris sazavo xelSekrulebis mier miRebuli 

dadgenilebebi.Llondonis konferencia warumateblad 

dasrulda, Tumca es iyo qemalistebis de-faqto 

aRiareba[47.85]. 

londonis konferenciis CaSlis Semdeg berZnebma 

ganaaxles Seteva. 1921 wlis 31 marts maT xelmeored 

ganicades damarcxeba sofel inoniusTan. miuxedavad 

marcxisa, inglisis mxardaWeriT 1921 wlis zafxulSi 

axali Setava daiwyes anatoliaSi. 1921 wlis agvistos 

dasawyisSi frontis xazi ankaras miuaxlovda. 15 

27

agvistos saberZneTis mefem konstantinem, gamosca 

brZaneba ankaris winaaRmdeg Setevis dawyebis Sesaxeb. 

aseT viTarebaSi TurqeTis didma erovnulma krebam 

mustafa qemali ganusazRvreli uflebebiT aRWurva 

da daniSna jarebis umaRles mTavarsardlad, romel- 

mac gaatara mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi qveynis Tavdac- 

vis mizniT[49.15]. 

1921 wlis 23 agvistos md. saqarias marcxena 

sanapiroze daiwyo mZime brZola. saqariasTan brZo 

lebi 22 dRes gagrZelda da Turqebis gamarjvebiT 

damTavrda. 13 seqtembers md.saqarias aRmosavleTiT 

ar darCenila arc erTi berZeni jariskaci. Aam ga- 

marjvebis aRsaRniSnavad TurqeTis didma erovnulma 

krebam Mmustafa qemal faSas marSalis Cini da Razis 

(gamarjvebulis) tituli uboZa[37.49]. 

saqariasTan brZolis Semdeg erTiani antiTurquli 

fronti sabolood daiSala. TurqeTTan mimar- 

TebiTAantantis qveynebs Soris warmoiSva uTanxmoeba. 

safrangeTma da italiam moiTxova sevris xelSekru- 

lebis gadaxedva. 1922 wlis 20 oqtombers safran- 

geTis mTavroba darwmunda ra TurqeTis siZliereSi, 

xeli moawera separatistul xelSekrulebas, rom- 

liTac cno ankaris xelisufleba da uari ganacxada 

brZolis gagrZelebaze. A 

anatolia datoves italiis jarebmac. saqariasTan 

brZolis Semdeg dasavleTis frontze xangrZlivi 

drois ganmavlobaSi Sewyda saomari operacia, ramac 

28

TurqeTs saSualeba misca momzadebuliyo gadamwyveti 

SetevisaTvis. 

1922 wlis meore naxevrisaTvis TurqeTis armia 

mzad iyo generaluri SetevisaTvis. dasavleTis 

frontze qemalistebma ori armia Seadgines, rome 

lTa saerTo raodenoba 110 aTas kacs Seadgenda. sa- 

berZneTis armia gacilebiT ukeT iyo SeiaraRebuli. 

1922 wlis 26 agvistos TurqeTis armia 

q.dumlufinarTan Setevaze gadavida, gaarRvia fron- 

tis xazi da ori dRis brZolis Semdeg 50 km-iT win 

waiwia. brZola TurqeTis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. sa- 

berZneTis armiis mTavari Stabi da gerenali tri- 

kupisi 5000 jariskaciT tyved Cavarda. 6 seqtembers 

Turqebma daikaves bursa, 9 seqtembers izmiri, 18 seq- 

tembrisaTvis mTeli TurqeTis teritoria gaTavisuf- 

lebul iqna saberZneTis jarebisagan. 23 seqtembers 

mokavSireebma winadadeba SesTavazes TurqeTs, raTa 

zavis dadebis mizniT mowveuliyo samSvidobo kon- 

ferencia. 3 oqtombers droebiTi zavis dasadebad 

mudaniaSi gaixsna konferencia. TurqeTis delegacias 

xelmZRvanelobda dasavleTis frontis mTavarsar- 

dali ismeT faSa(inoniu). konferencias eswrebodnen 

inglisis, safrangeTis, italiisa da saberZneTis 

warmomadgenlebi. Turquli mxare moiTxova, rom 

saberZneTis armias gaeTavisuflebina aRmosavleT 

Trakia. garkveuli winaaRmdegobebis Semdeg, berZnebi 

iZulebuli gaxdnen daetovebinaT aRniSnuli teri- 

toria [54.78]. 

29

1922 wlis 11 oqtombers antantis qveynebis warmo- 

madgenlebma ankaris mTavrobasTan q.mudaniaSi xeli 

moaweres samSvidobo-sazavo xelSekrulebas.E es iyo 

kompromisuli xelSekruleba antantasa da axal Tur- 

qeTs Soris. TurqeTma uomrad miaRwia aRmosavleT 

Trakiis gaTavisuflebas.Aantantis qveynebma moipoves 

ufleba sazavo xelSekrulebis dadebamde daetovebi- 

naT TavianTi jarebi stambolsa da sruteebSi, ramac 

lozanis sazavo konferen ciaze uaryofiTi gavlena 

iqonia. Aantantis qveynebma konferenciaze moiwvies 

rogorc ankaris, aseve stambolis xelisufleba. 

sulTnis xelisufleba cdilobda monawileoba mieRo 

konferenciaSi da bolo moeRoT sulTnis xelisuf- 

lebisaTvis [34.53]. 

1921-1922 w.w. Mmustafa qemal faSas xelmZRvanelo- 

biT qemalistebma did gamarjvebas miaRwies. qveynidan 

berZeni interventebis gandevnis Semdeg (1922 wlis 

seqtemberi) erTiani erovnuli fronti daiSala. 

erovnuli safrTxis moSlam daaCqara qemali ste- 

bis banakSi uTanxmoebis gamoaSkaraveba. Kkvlav gamo- 

cocxldnen reaqciuli Zalebi. isini gamoxatavdnen 

feodalur-klerikalur, kompradaluri burJuaziis 

interesebs. opoziciuri deputatebi gamodiodnen 

erovnuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis winaaRmdeg, isini 

amtkicebdnen, rom TurqeTSi SeuZlebelia romelime 

sxva mmarTvelobis formis arseboba, garda sasulT- 

nosa da saxalifosi. 

30

1922 wlis 13 ivliss mTavrobis meTaurad arCeulma 

rauf-beim, opoziciis erT-erTma liderma ganacxada: 

“suliTa da xorciT sulTnisa da xalifas erTguli 

var, Cveni valia, rom bolomde sulTnis momxre 

davrCe. opozicias surs daiTxovos TurqeTis erov- 

nuli kreba da gadasces xelisufleba “kanonier 

mflobels-sulTns”[43.65]. 

aTaTurqma SeZlo daerwmunebina opozicioneri 

TanamebrZolebi, rom es RonisZieba iTvaliswinebda 

mxolod sulTnis xelisuflebis gauqmebas, xalifas 

xelisuflebas ki aravin Seexeboda[50.26]. 

Seqmnil situaciaSi aTaTurqs kargad esmoda, rom 

Sida ZalebTan mimarTebiT saWiro iyo daTmoba, ro- 

melTac sakuTari sityva eTqmiT ara marto samxedro 

moqmedebebSi, aramed Sida uTanxmoebebSic. saWiro iyo 

mTavari yuradReba gadaetanaT sagareo faqtorze da 

mieRwiaT TurqeTis damoukideblobis saerTaSoriso 

aRiarebisaTvis.Ees yvelaferi swored im etapze 

moxda, rodesac qemali sakuTar TavSi xazavda axali, 

damoukidebeli TurqeTis respublikis gegmas da Sida 

ZalTa opoziciuri aqtiuroba mas saerTod ar aw- 

yobda [38.26]. 

qemalisturi epoqis yvelaze mniSvnelovani diplo- 

matiuri movlena iyo lozanis konferencia. 

1922 wlis 22 noembers lozanaSi (Sveicaria) 

gaixsna samSvidobo sazavo konferencia, romelSic 

monawileobdnen: didi britaneTis, safrangeTis, ita- 

liis, iaponiis, saberZneTis, iugoslaviis, rumineTis, 

31

TurqeTis da aSS (meTvalyuris saxiT) warmomadgen- 

lebi. garda amisa, Savi zRvis sruteebis reJimis 

ganxilvaSi monawileobdnen: sabWoTa respublikebic - 

ruseTi, ukraina, saqarTvelo(romlebic erTian de- 

legacias warmoadgendnen) da bulgareTi. TurqeTis 

saxelmwifos warmoadgenda ismeT faSa [65.23]. 

lozanis konferenciis sxdomebi daZabul atmos- 

feroSi mimdinareobda. is iyo TurqeTis erovnul- 

ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis Semajamebeli, daskvni- 

Ti etapi. mas unda moewesrigebina TurqeTsa da dasav- 

leTis saxelmwifoebs Soris finansur-ekonomikuri 

sakiTxebi; kapitulaciis reJimi; daedgina saxmeleTo 

da sazRvao sazRvrebi; agreTve gadaewyvita antantis 

saxelwmifoebis mier TurqeTis damoukideblobis 

cnobis sakiTxi da sxvა. 

konferencias Tavmjdomareobda inglisis sagareo 

saqmeTa ministri lordi kerzoni. 

1923 wlis 23 ianvars mokavSireebma TurqeTs wa- 

rudgines axali xelSekrulebis proeqti. romelic 

Sedgeboda 9 ganyofilebisa da 160 muxlisagan. faq- 

tobrivad es iyo sevris xelSekrulebis axali va- 

rianti, romelic sagrZnoblad bRalavda TurqeTis 

erovnul ineteresebsa da damoukideblobas. TurqeTma 

uari ganacxada mieRo mokavSireTa xelSekrulebis 

proeqti. 

1923 wlis 4 Tebervals konferenciam Sewyvita 

muSaoba. miuxedavad amisa, mokavSireebma ver gabedes 

32

ganeaxlebinaT saomari operaciebi TurqeTis winaaRm- 

deg [34.38]. 

konferenciis CaSlis Semdeg TurqeTSi gaZlierda 

mustafa qemalis winaaRmdeg gamosvlebi. 

feodalur-klerikaluri da kompradoruli burJ 

uaziis deputatebma gadawyvites esargeblaT daZa 

buli mdgomareobiT da mieyenebinaT dartyma must 

afa qemalze. isini kvlav moiTxovdnen, rom xelisu 

fleba gadaecaT sulTnisaTvis da wasuliyvnen daT- 

mobaze mokavSireTa mimarT, magram uSedegod. 

7 marts parlamentis sxdomaze deputatebis um- 

ravlesobam uaryo mokavSireTa mier SemoTavazebuli 

sazavo xelSekrulebis proeqti, gamoucxada ndoba 

TurqeTis delegacias da daavala mas gaegrZelebina 

molaparakeba, romelic Seesabameboda TurqeTis 

politikur da ekonomikur damoukideblobas. 

TurqeTis mTavrobam SeimuSava samSvidobo xel- 

Sekrulebis proeqti. masSi mokavSireTa proeqtis 126 

muxlidan ucvlelad datoves 17 muxli, xolo 22 

amoiRes, danarCen muxlebSi Seitanes cvlilebebi. 

1923 wlis 1 marts mokavSireTa delegaciis meTa- 

urobiT londonSi Seikribnen TurqeTis kanonproeq- 

tis gansaxilvelad. 

23 aprls gaixsna lozanis konferenciis meore 

sesia. pirveli sesiisagan gansxvavebiT igi mimdina 

reobda ufro mSvidobian atmosferoSi. mxareebi cdi- 

lobdnen mieRwiaT SeTanxmebisaTvis. 

33

1923 wlis 24 ivliss xeli moaweres samSvidobo 

sazavo xelSekrulebas. 

lozanis xelSekrulebiT, TurqeTma uari Tqva Ta- 

vis uflebebze erayze, siriaze, libanze, palest ina- 

ze, iordaniaze, egvipteze, sudanze da aRiara ing- 

lisis mier kunZul kviprosis dapyroba. 

TurqeTma aRiara Savi zRvis sruteebiT sargeb 

lobis ufleba savaWro da samxedro gemebisaTvis, 

rogorc mSvidobianobis, ise omis dros. lozanis 

xelSekrulebiT TurqeTi TviTon ganagebda Tavis 

finansebs; gauqmda didi saxelmwifoebis finansuri 

kontroli; mTlianad Sewyda kapitulaciis reJimi; 

TurqeTSi mcxovrebi ucxoelebi unda damorCile- 

bodnen TurqeTis kanonmdeblobas[65.58]. 

lozanis konferenciaze TurqeTis yvelaze didi 

monapovari iyo yvela saxelmwifos mier misi damou- 

kidblobisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis cnoba. 

miuxedavad rigi kompromisisa da daTmobisa, 

mTlianobaSi lozanis xelSekruleba warmoadgenda 

TurqeTis seriozul gamarjvebas. 

frangi istorikosi benua meSeni ase afasebs 

lozanis konferenciis Sedegebs: “lozanis konfer en- 

cia iyo TurqeTis didi diplomatiuri gamarjveba. sa- 

erTaSoriso TvalaszrisiT ismeT faSam SeZlo mieRo 

yovelive is, risTvisac ibrZodnen mustafa qemali da 

misi jariskacebi oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi”[32.70]. 

amrigad, Tu erovnulma moZraobam mustafa qemalis 

meTaurobiT miiRo Turqi xalxis nacionaluri is- 

34

toriis dawyebis saxelwodeba, maSin lozanis xel- 

Sekruleba, SeiZleba CaiTvalos TurqeTis ekonomiku- 

ri istoriis dasawyisad. lozanis xelSekruleba war- 

moadgenda istoriis gamoZaxils ara marto TurqeTi- 

saTvis, aramed yvela koloniuri da naxevradkolo- 

niuri aRmosavluri qveynebisaTvis. 

TurqeTi gamarjvebulis rangSi araerTxel gamo- 

sula, Tumca, lozanamde is arasodes gadaqceula 

aRmosavluri istoriis magaliTad. am aziurma saxel- 

mwifom moaxerxa ara marto moego brZola imperia- 

listur saxelmwifoTa erTian frontze, aramed 

aiZula isini eRiarebinaT TavianTi damarcxeba[35.97]. 

35

Tavi Tavi II. II. aTaTurqi aTaTurqi da da qemalizmis 

qemalizmis 

principebi 

principebi 

qemalizmis principebma revolucias Rirseuli sa- 

xe misca, romlebic aTaTurqis azriT safuZvliani da 

sistemuri debulebebia. yoveli maTgani sruliad 

damoukidebelia da exeba qveynis ekonomikuri da po- 

litikuri cxovrebis calkeul sferoebs. amave dros 

es debulebebi erTmaneTisagan gamomdinareoben da 

erTmaneTs eTanxmebian. amitomac, maTi gageba da 

gaazrebaa saWiro. isini Turqi xalxisaTvis Tanamed- 

rove cxovrebis uzrunvelyofis mTavari pirobebia 

[69.89]. 

patriotizmi, damoukidebloba da erovnuli suve- 

reniteti gaxda qemalisturi revoluciis mTavari 

ideologia. ”TanzimaTisa” da safrangeTis revolu- 

ciis gavleniT Mmustafa qemalma SeimuSava mTeli ri- 

gi principebi: xalxosnoba; laicizmi; nacionalizmi; 

etatizmi; respublikanizmi da revolucionizmi[13.20.]. 

qemalisturi reformebisa da cvlilebebis warmo- 

CenasTan erTad ganvixilavT qemalizmisa da Tur- 

qeTis respublikis ideologiis struqturis ganm- 

sazRvrel TiToeul princips. 

36

§I. I. I. respublikanizmi 

respublikanizmi 

respublikanizmi 

respublikanizmi - (jumhurieT jumhurieT Ciliq -anu respub 

likuri ideebis dacva-ganviTareba) aTaTurqis pir 

veli debulebaa da saxelmwifoSi maRali civiliz 

aciisa da demokratiis gamoxatvis formaa, rac Turqi 

xalxis xasiaTsa da TvisebebSi yvelaze metad Cans. 

respublikuri mmarTvelobis forma ki respublikur 

TurqeTSi yvelaze mosaxerxebel saxelmwifo meqa- 

nizms warmoadgens[70.91]. 

1923 wlis 29 oqtombers qemalistebma gamoacxades 

respublikuri mmarTveloba, romelic anatolis axa- 

li politikuri sistemis - demokratiis gamoxatuleba 

gaxda(mTavroba, romelsac irCevs xalxi da moqmedebs 

maTi ineresebis mixedviT), romelic imdroindeli 

TurqeTisaTvis sakmaod aratradiciul ganviTarebas 

warmoadgenda. 

qemalistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg 

Turqma xalxma miiRo axali politikuri sistema - 

“xalxis mTavroba,” “xalxis warmomadgenlobiTi or- 

gano.” 

ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolidan moyolebuli, qema- 

listebi eyrdnobodnen ra am ideebs, Seudgnen 

qveynis mSeneblobas. 

qemalisturi principi ar iyo mimarTuli ama Tu im 

klasisa da elitisaTvis gansakuTrebuli pirobis 

Sesaqmnelad. saqme wydeboda mTeli xalxis interese- 

bis dasacavad. swored didi erovnuli krebis depu- 

37

tatebma, romlebic warmoadgendnen mTel sazogadoe- 

bas, xalxis saxeliT gamoacxades respublikuri 

mmarTveloba. 

imavdroulad, im periodSi pirvel qemalistebs 

Soris iyo respublikisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili 

sazogadoebis garkveuli nawili, romlebic mosax 

leobaSi sulTan-xalifas religiuri Zalauflebis 

gavlenas qadagebdnen, rac SesamCnevad aZlierebda 

maT mdgomareobas saxlmwifos marTvaSi. 

1920 wels mTelma rigma deputatebma savaldebu- 

lod CaTvales uzrunveleyoT xalxis suvereniteti. 

maT moeCvenaT, rom isini ilaSqrebndnen islamuri 

kanonis winaaRmdeg (religiueri winamZRoli yovelT- 

vis wamoadgenda politikur xelmZRvanelsac). sinamd- 

vileSi Turqi xalxi ar iyo mzad erovnuli suve- 

renitetis SeTvisebisa da ganxorcielebisaTvis. Mmas 

ar gaaCnda aucilebeli istoriuli gamocdileba, arc 

politikuri ganaTleba. Qqemalisturi moZraoba xal- 

xis suverenitetis Sesaxeb ar iyo ubralo reforma, 

aramed is iyo namdvili revolucia. SeiZleba davaskv- 

naT, rom respublikis damyareba warmoadgenda am 

mowodebis politikur gamoxatulebas, magram xalxis 

gamocdilebam demokratiisa da respublikis sakiTxSi 

dabada mravali problema da politikuri mRelva- 

reba, romelsac ganicdida da dResac ganicdis Tur- 

qeTi. 1960 wlidan dawyebuli samxedro gadatria- 

lebebi (1971;1980) amis mxolod Sedegebs warmoad- 

genda[23.45]. 

38

Tumca unda iTqvas isic, rom: 1924; 1961 da 1982 

wlebis konstituciebis mixedviT TurqeTSi respub- 

likuri mmarTvelobis formaa, misi Secvla da TviT 

Secvlis sakiTxis dayenebac ki kanoniT dauSvebelia 

[31.28]. 

aTaTurqi ambobda, rom: „respublikuri mmarTve 

loba es igivea, rac demokratiul sistemas damate 

buli saxelmwifo. respublikis zneobrivi safuZveli 

sakuTari moralis gawonasworebulobis da simtkicis 

formaa”[74.11]. 

rogorc vxedavT, es principi erT-erTi ZiriTadi 

sayrdenia TurqeTSi respublikuri mmarTvelobisa 

Tvis. 

$II. II. II. laicizmi 

laicizmi 

laicizmi 

dasavluri modelis mixedviT, Turquli sazoga- 

doebis ganviTarebaSi laicizmma pirvelxarisxovani 

roli iTamaSa. evropaSi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos 

gamoyofa daiwyo aRorZinebisa da reformebis period- 

Si. saero saxelwifos - Tavad idea ki damkvidrda 

franguli revoluciis dros. 

saerTod osmaleTSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom gata- 

rebul iqna mTeli rigi progresuli reformebi, 

cvlilebebi religiis sferoSi arasodes momxdara. 

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis drosac ki 

qemalistebi ar Sexebian religiur principebs, magram 

39

aseTi cnebebis win wamoweviT, rogoricaa ”xalxis 

neba;” ”eris suvereniteti” da “patriotizmi” isini 

iswrafodnen gaeTavisuflebinaT islami pilitikuri 

elementebisagan[32,.34]. 

laicizms aTaTurqiseul saxelwmifoebriv gage 

baSi didi adgili ukavia. sazogadod es debuleba 

farTo gagebas moicavs. igi saxelmwifosagan religi- 

is aucilebel gamoyofas da politikuri cxovre- 

bidan sasuliero pirebis CamoSorebas gulisxmobs. 

igi farTo msjelobis sakiTxia da religiuri arsis 

swor gagebas moiTxovs. 

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aTaTurqi Tavis ga- 

mosvlebSi dasZenda: „RmerTiT, religiiT da rwmeniT 

adamianebze zemoqmedeba ar SeiZleba, sarwmunoeba da 

politika urTierTsapirispiro cnebebia, amitomac 

religiuri moZRvrebis gamoyeneba politikur cxov- 

rebaSi warmoudgenelia. sarwmunoeba arsebobs, is 

savaldebulo da aucilebelia, ris gareSec sazoga- 

doebis gagrZeleba-gadarCena SeuZlebelia, Cveni sar- 

wmunoeba gamarTlebuli, yvelaze Rirseuli da 

yvelaze bunebrivia“[77.327]. 

laicizmi (laiqliq, warmodgeba franguli sityvi- 

dan „laicite,“ rac niSnavs saero xasiaTs). igi gulisx- 

mobs religiis gamoyofas saxelmwifosagan. TurqeTis 

1921 da 1924 wlebis konstituciebSi Cadebuli debu- 

leba „saxelmwifo religia islamia“ gauqmda 1928 

wlis 10 aprilis #1222 kanoniT. aTaTurqi ambobda: 

”Cven pativs vcemT religias, ar vewinaaRmdegebiT 

40

araviTar azrebs da azrovnebis wess. Cven mxolod 

vcdilobT, rom religiuri da saxelmwifo saqmeebi 

ar airios erTmaneTSi“[27,.23]. 

e.i. laicizmis mTavari Sinaarsi da mizani mdgoma- 

reobs sarwmunoebisa da saxelmwifos sxva danarCeni 

sakiTxebis erTmaneTisagan gamoyofas, saxelmwifos 

marTvasa da saerTod politikaSi sasuliro pirTa 

rolis Semcirebas. 

TurqeTis sinamdvileSi, wlebis ganmavlobaSi sa- 

xelmwifos marTva-gamgeblobaSi sasuliero pirebi 

monawileobdnen, rac xels uSlida qveynis winsvlas 

da mas mudmivad erTferovan stadiaze tovebda. ami- 

tom iyo, rom aTaTurqma laicizmis debuleba Tur- 

qeTis respublikis da saerTod Tanamedrove Tur- 

quli sazogadoebis fundamentalur principad gamo- 

acxada. magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom laicizmi 

rwmenis sawinaaRmdego, upativcemulobis debulebaa. 

aTaTurqi ambobda: „Cveni sarwmunoeba, Cveni eris 

simtkicisa da siZlieris, am ori mTavari Rirsebis 

mflobelia. amitom Cveni eris sindisidan am Rirsebis 

amoReba SeuZlebelia“ [5.210]. 

TurqeTSi laicizmi drois umokles monakveTSi 

SemoiRes. mas Tavdapirvelad axalgazrda oficroba 

uWerda mxars. aTaTurqi qveynis saero mmarTvelobaSi 

laicizms did adgils uTmobda, radganac saukuneebis 

ganmavlobaSi islami TurqeTSi sazogadoebrivi 

ganviTarebis ganmsazRvreli faqtori iyo. sain- 

41

teresoa, Tu rogor warmoedgina mas laicizmi da 

rogor axorcielebda mas qveynis cxovrebaSi. 

rogorc zemoT aRiSna „laicizmis“ pirdapiri 

mniSvneloba religiis saxelmwifodan gamoyofaa, mag- 

ram aTaTurqiseul „laicizms“ ufro mravalmxrivi da 

amasTanave kerZo mniSvnelobac gaaCnia. am Tval- 

sazrisiT sainteresoa aTaTurqis mosazrebac: „reli- 

giuri ideis saxelmwifo saqmeebisagan gamoyo faSi - 

respublika xedavs eris progresis pirvelxarisxovan 

faqtors“[1.24]. 

qemalistebis azriT, „laicizmis“ principi, respub- 

likur TurqeTSi uzrunvelyofs pirovnebis sulier, 

fizikur da religiur Tavisuflebas, sasuliero da 

saero dawesebulebebis xelSeuxeblobas, mecnierebisa 

da teqnikis ganviTarebas, religiuri uflebebis 

dacvas da konkretulad, religiis gamoyofas sa- 

xelmwifosagan. 

mustafa qemal aTaTurqis azriT, “saxelmwifos 

marTvis, moqmedi kanonebisa da konstituciis safu- 

Zvelia ara religiuri elementebi, aramed mecnieruli 

siaxleni da modernizebuli teqnologia”[7.200]. swo- 

red amgavri qmedebiTaa SesaZlebeli Turqul samya- 

roSi arsebuli yvela dawesebulebis amoqmedeba da 

ganviTareba TanamedroveobisaTis misaRebi formule- 

biTa da meTodebiT. igi winaaRmdegi iyo religiis 

borotad gamoyenebisa. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT 

aTaTurqi acxadebda: „Cveni muzebi cidan an idealis- 

turi samyarodan ar gvevlinebian, maT cxovreba 

42

gvimzadebs. Cveni gzebis maCvenebelia saxelmwifo, sa- 

dac cxovrobs Turqi xalxi da vqmniT Cvens isto- 

rias. mZime xvedri da tanjva ki Cveni muzebisagan mo- 

dis“[28.21]. 

aTaTurqiseuli gamoTqma: „Cveni muzebi cidan da 

idealisturi samyarodan ar gvevlineba“ – laici 

zmis erT-erT ZiriTad safuZvels warmoadgens. migvaC- 

nia, rom aTaTurqs surda, saxelmwifos warmarTva 

ara religiuri principebis gamoyenebiT, aramed ga- 

naTlebuli, mecnieruli safuZvlebiT. misi mosazre- 

biT „laicizmi“ pirdapir aRiqmeba rogorc saxel- 

mwifos marTva politikur, ekonomikur da socialur 

safuZvelze religiis Caurevlobis gareSe.“ 

aTaTurqi laicizmis sakiTxis ganzogadebasTan da- 

kavSirebiT Semdegnairad xsnis: „nacionaluri, erov- 

nuli neba-survili sazogadoebisaTvis mZime tvirTia, 

yvelaze wminda, sarwmunoebis Tavisufleba mxolod 

saxelmwifosagan religiis gamoyofas ki ar niSnavs, 

aramed yvela Tanamemamulis sulis, locvis da 

rwmenis Tavisuflebis dacvas“ [68.92]. 

laicizmis amgvari midgoma religiisadmi unda 

gamoricxavdes sasuliero xelisufalTa da fanati 

kosebis yovelgvar mcdar Sexedulebas qveynis cxov- 

rebaze. aseT garemoSi ki religias unda mieces misi 

kuTvnili adgili. am TavlsazrisiT aTaTurq iseulma 

laicizma saSualeba unda misces religias srulyo- 

filad Seasrulos dakisrebuli movaleobani. 

43

qemalisturi laicizmi, saxelmwifoebriv ufle 

bebs saxelmwifos akuTvnebs, religiur uflebebs ki 

religias da am TvalsazrisiT cdilobs gamohyos 

religia saxelmwifosgan. 

saero xelisuflebis mimdevrebi Tvlian, rom Tu 

religia mxolod religiur uflebebiT isargeblebs, 

amiT gamoiricxeba misi dapirispireba saxelmwifos- 

Tan, rac respublikur TurqeTs miscems winsvlisa da 

ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. am sakiTxTan dakavSire- 

biT TurqeTis sazogadoebaSi sxvadasxva Sexedulebe- 

bi arsebos: 

Turqi profesori f. ahmadi iZleva laicizmis 

Semdeg ganmartebas: „laicizmi - es aris saxelmw 

ifos marTva ara religiuri principebiT, aramed xal- 

xis mier arCeuli TurqeTis umaRlesi erovnuli 

krebis mier miRebuli kanonebis Sesabamisad. lai- 

cizmis principebiT yvela moqalaqe Tavisufalia da 

aqvs religiuri ritualebis Catarebis ufleba. dauS- 

vebelia propaganda, rogorc religiis sasageblod, 

aseve mis sawinaaRmdegod“ [61.90]. 

profesori m. Tokeri aRniSnavda, rom: „laicizmi 

surT warmovidginon rogorc uRmerToba. yvela lai- 

cisturma Zalam TurqeTSi unda gamoiCinos sifrT- 

xile da SemWidrovdes, raTa daicvan „laicizmi,“ 

qemalizmis erT-erTi umTavresi principi“ [24.17]. 

cnobili Turqi Teologi feThulah giuleni lai- 

cizms sakiTxs Semdegnairad ganmartavs: “laicizmi 

niSnavs religiisa da saxelmwifos erTmaneTisgan ga- 

44

mijvnas. religiis arsi arasodes aris Zaladoba. 

sarwmunoeba erT WerqveS aerTianebs xalxs, xolo 

politikaSi arsebulma gaTiSulobam da sarwmunoebis 

politikuri miznebisaTvis gamoyenebam SesaZloa 

safrTxis qveS daayenos sarwmunoebrivi erTobac. po- 

litikur ambiciebsa da fanatizms bolo ara aqvs, 

fanatikosebi iqamdec ki midian, rom im xalxs, ro- 

melic maT mxars uWers, sarwmunoebidan gandgomi- 

lebad naTlaven” dasZens giuleni[84.94]. 

laicizmis istoria rogorc saero saxelmw 

ifos principi TurqeTSi gulisxmobs mis evropeiza 

cias. imdenad, ramdenadac laicizmi aris Sedegi ara 

Turquli kulturis damoukidebeli ganviTarebisa, 

aramed Sedegi evropeizaciisa, rac xSirad warmoa 

dgenda msjelobis sagans. mTeli XIX saukunis gan- 

mavlobaSi TurqeTis sazogadoebaSi TiTqmis saerTod 

ar arsebobda laicizmis filosofiur-kulturuli 

safuZveli, rac saSualebas miscemda mas politikur 

sferoSi damkvidrebas. laicizmi rogorc seriozuli 

moZraoba ar gamovlenila sulTan abdul hamid 

meoris epoqamde(1876-1908). am dros axalgazrda 

TurqTa mier ganxorcielebulma revoluciam, romel- 

sac ”erTobisa da progresis partia” xelmZRvanelob- 

da uzrunvelyo TurqeTisaTvis 1876 wlis kons- 

titucia. amis Semdeg aRniSnuli partia 1919 wlamde 

(osmaleTis saxelm wifos dacemamde) rCeboda poli- 

tikur Zalad. ”erTobisa da progresis partias” lai- 

cizmi oficialurad ar miuRia. igi atarebda saerTo 

45

politikas. partiis daarsebisTanave masSi gamoikveTa 

islamis momxreTa sxvadasxva jgufi. erTis mxriv 

arsebobda islamis rogorc aqtiuri politikuri 

sagnis momxreTa jgufi, romlebic miiCnevdnen, rom 

aqtualuri, politikuri da socialuri problemebis 

mogvareba SeiZleboda mxolod islamze dayrdnobiT. 

Mmeores mxriv, arsebobda laicizmis momxreTa mcire 

jgufi. Ggarda amisa aqve iyo Turq eTis nacionaluri 

moZraoba. aseT viTarebaSi partia yvelanairad cdi- 

lobda SeenarCunebina loialuri urTierToba yvela 

am jgufebis mimarT. moZraobam TurqeTSi laicizmis 

dasamkvidreblad, rogorc iTqva, gasaqani hpova gan- 

manTavisuflebeli moZraobis Semdeg. aTaTurqma lai- 

cizmi mis mTavar da radikalur principad gamoac- 

xada, swored am politikam nulze daiyvana religiis 

roli saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi da garkveul etap- 

ze qveyanaSi Sekveca sasuliero sazogadoebis roli. 

rogorc erT-erTi Turqi mecnieri Tofraqi aRniSnavs: 

- ”religia TurqeTSi gamoiyeneboda, rogorc protes- 

ti erTpartiuli avtoritaruli reJimis winaaRmdeg.” 

laicizmis Sedegi iyo sekularizacia, romelic sam 

sferod ganxorcielda TurqeTSi: 

1) samoqalaqo - simbolur sferoze; rac iTva 

liswinebda nacionaluri da kulturuli cxovrebis 

specifikas; anbanis Secvlas; gvarTa gamocvlas; evro- 

puli tansacmlis SemoRebas; axali droisa da wel- 

TaRricxvis damtkicebas, yovelkvireuli gamosasv- 

leli dRis da evropuli musikis damkvidrebas. 

46

2) administraciul - organizaciul sferoze; xa- 

lifatis; Seixul islamis; SariaTis sasamarTlos da 

vakufis, agreTve islamis organizaciuli struq- 

turis Secvlas. 

3) Ffunqcionalur - iuridiul sferoze: rac gu- 

lisxmobda saerTo ganaTlebisa da samarTalwarmoe- 

bis Secvlas da axali dasavluri kanonmdeblobis 

SemoRebas[78.112].Y 

yovelive zemoTqmuli warmoadgens seriozul 

nabijs laicizmisaken, magram saxelmwifos mier is- 

lamis sabolood gansazRvra da mis religiur Car- 

CoebSi moqceva ganxorcielda mxolod 1928 wlis 10 

aprils, #1222 kanoniT. 

Llaicizmis, rogorc konstituciuri principis 

miReba ki ganxorcielda mxolod 1937 wlis 5 

Tebervals, #3115 kanoniT[9.212]. 

qveyanaSi xalifatis gauqmeba moxda kanoniT, 

romelsac mxari dauWira TurqeTis didma erovnulma 

krebam, magram qemalistebs ar SeeZloT garTulebis 

gareSe SeeTavazebinaT naxevrad Teokratiuli reJimi- 

saTvis is pozitiuri Sexedulebebi, romelsac Tavad 

aRiarebdnen. xalifatis momxreebma qemalistebi reli- 

giis mtrebad gamoacxades, romlebic Tavis mxriv 

aRiWurvnen ra erovnuli suverenitetis principis 

upirobobiTa da usazRvroobiT, waarTves religiuri 

xelisufleba sulTans da gadasces xalxs. 1921 wlis 

konstituciaSi, romelic momzadda didi erovnuli 

krebis mier, ar iqna aRiarebuli arc erTi konfesia 

47

saxelmwifo religiad. magram 1923 wels Setanili 

Sesworebis wyalobiT saxelmwifo religiad gamocxa- 

debuli iqna islami. Ees debuleba, romelic SenarCu- 

nebuli iqna 1924 wlis konstituciaSi, sabolood 

moxsna 1928 wels. amiT dasrulda religiis saxel- 

mwifosagan gamoyofis procesi. TurqeTi amieridan 

samarTlebrivad da konstituciurad laicisturi, 

Tanamedrove saxelmwifo gaxda. 

laicizmis Sesaxeb 1930 wels Mmustafa qemali 

ambobda: _ “religiuri ideis saxelmwifo saqmeebisa- 

gan gamoyofaSi respublika xedavs Cveni eris prog- 

resis pirvelxarisxovan faqtors.” “xalifatis gauq- 

meba niSnavda axali TurqeTis survils sabolood 

gaewyvita kavSiri warsulTan da Seeqmna progresuli 

saxelmwifo dasavluri demokratiis magaliTze”[30.55]. 

laicizmis istoriis araerTi mkvlevari cdilobs 

axsnas fenomeni - Tu rogor SeZlo saero xeli- 

suflebam drois mcire monakveTSi sazogadoebis im 

civilizaciis sazRrebSi moTavseba saidanac qveynis 

demokratiul modernizacias gaexsneboda gza. Tur- 

qeTSi msgavsi ganviTareba gakvirvebas iwvevs, imitom, 

rom evropuli qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, laicizmi 

TurqeTSi ar yofila evoluciuri cvlilebebis, 

sazogadoebaze saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi momxdari 

mowinave filisofiuri ideebis zegavlenis Sedegi. 

evropaSi saero, laicisturi saxelmwifoebi war- 

moiqmna burJuaziis gaCenasTan dakavSirebiT feoda- 

lizmis winaaRmdeg broZolaSi. osmaleTis saxelmwi- 

48

foSi es ar momxdara. Mmiuxedavad “axalgazrda os- 

malebis“ da “axalgazrda Turqebis“ didi mcdelo- 

bisa “aziuri tipis feodalizmma,“ romelic atarebda 

centralizebul xasiaTs, xeli SeuSala osmaleTSi 

evropuli modelis burJuaziis Seqmnas. is istoriu- 

li roli, romelic evropaSi iTamaSa burJuaziam, 

osmaleTSi samxedroebma Seasrula [45.68]. 

laicizmis principi SesaZlebels xdida aRmsareb- 

lobisa da azris Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofas, mag- 

ram TurqeTSi am principis borotad gamoyeneba 

daiwyes konservatiulma da reaqciulma opoziciurma 

Zalebma, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom religiuri sko- 

lebisa (medreseebi) da sakulto adgilebis gauqmeba 

iyo Tavdasxma azris Tavisuflebaze da aRmsareb- 

lobaze, xolo sindisis Tavisuflebis qemalisturi 

principi ki _ aTeizmia. 

qemalistebma, miuxedavad opoziciuri Zalebis 

gamosvlebisa da maT Soris arsebuli winaaRmdeg 

obisa, yovelgvari ukandaxevis gareSe gamoiyenes lai- 

cizmis principi da mTavar ideologiad aqcies 

respublikur TurqeTSi. 

amgvarad, laicizmis gageba, swor gaazrebas moiT- 

xovs, ris gareSec SeuZlebelia saero, respublikuri 

TurqeTis saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gansazRvra. 

49

§ III. III. nacionalizmi 

nacionalizmi 

nacionalizmi _ kacobriobis axali da uaxlesi 

istoriis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi movlenaa. XIX 

saukunes “nacionalizmis epoqas“ uwodebdnen. 

nacionalizmis cneba sxvadasxva intensivobiT 

iCenda Tavs XX saukuneSic. man kidev erTxel miipyro 

didi yuradReba sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, 

rac dResac grZeldeba. ismeba kiTxva, Tu ra gzas 

daadgebian da romel models airCeven axlad warmoq- 

nili saxelmwifoebi, romlebSic TiTqmis mTlianad 

an nawilobriv muslimuri mosaxleobaa. aseT formad 

miiCneva ori: iranuli da Turquli modeli. 

TurqeTis respublikis fuZemdebeli Mmustafa qe- 

mali darwmunebuli iyo, rom eris ganviTarebisaTvis 

erTaderTi gza _ civilizaciis Tanamedrove donis 

miRwevaa,Aromelmac SemdgomSi qemalizmis saxelwo- 

deba miiRo[25.45]. 

qemalizmis erT-erTi qvakuTxedi nacionalizmia, 

romelic TurqeTSi ofialuri politikis rangSi 

aris ayvanili da dafiqsirebulia _ konstituciaSi - 

“aTaTurqiseuli nacionalizmis” saxeliT. magram 

Turquli nacionalizmi erTgavrovani araa. misi 

sxvadasxva formis warmoSoba-ganviTarebis Seswavla 

da jerovnad gaTvaliswineba SesaZleblobas iZleva 

aramarto gaarkvios TurqeTis warsuli da awmyo, 

aramed ganWvritos misi SesaZlo momavali[11.23]. 

50

aTaTurqi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda am princips, 

radgan misi saSualebiT xdeboda Turqi eris erTia- 

nobis dacva da miznad isaxavda TurqeTSi mcxovrebi 

sxvadasxva erovnebis xalxTa konglomeracias da 

Turqi eris Camoyalibebas[18.36]. 

nacionalizmi es eris TavisTavadobis xvedriTi 

wili. igi dauwereli, upirobo sakiTxia, romelic yo- 

velTis did rols TamaSobda Turqi xalxis 

gadarCenisaTvis brZolaSi. saxelmwifos arsebobac ki 

warmoudgenelia am debulebis gareSe. 

Turqul enaSi am debulebis aRmniSvneli sityvaa 

“miileTCiliq 

miileTCiliq 

miileTCiliq,” miileTCiliq romelic warmodgeba arabuli sity- 

vidan – miileT - eri da misgan nawarmoebi miileT - 

erovneba[63.125]. qarTulad SeiZleba iTargmnos ro- 

gorc erovnulobac da rogorc nacionalizmic. es 

debuleba miznad isaxavs erovnuli Taviseburebebisa 

da erovnuli xasiaTis dacvasa da SenarCunebas 

erovnebaTa ganviTarebis axali etapis pirobebSi. 

aTaTurqis sityviT „eri unda qmnides saxelmwifos 

safuZvels, unda iyos misi dasayrdeni“. „Cveni sa- 

xelmwifos dasayrdeni - Turqi xalxia da rac ufro 

Rrmad aris es xalxi gamsWvaluli Turquli kul- 

turiT miT ufro Zlieri iqneba respublika, romelic 

mas eyrdnoba. e.i. nacionalizmis debulebam aramarto 

unda uzrunvelyos Tanamedrove erebTan urTierTo- 

bis procesSi erovnuli xasiaTisa da erovnuli 

Taviseburebebis dacva, aramed is gulisxmobs agreTve 

51

erovnuli saxelmwifos Seqmnas, romlis safuZveli 

iqneba Turqi eri”[8.292]. 

osmaleTis saxelmwifoSi, sadac Tanacxovrobda 18 

eTnikuri jgufi, romlebic sxvadasxva konfesiebs 

miekuTvnebodnen, ar arsebobda nacionalizmi - am 

sityvis sruli gagebiT. religiuri Temis faqtoris 

paralelurad erovnuli sakiTxis wamoweva dawyebuli 

iqna “axalgazrda osmalTa” da “axalgazrda TurqTa 

mier.” 

osmaleTis saxelmwifos krizisis dros, rodesac 

inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi eZebdnen problemis 

politikur gadanawilebas, gamoikveTa ori mimarTu- 

leba: pirveli gamoxatavda qveynis specifikur osma- 

lur xasiaTs (panTurqizmi), meore ki qveynis aRorZi- 

nebisaTvis islamuri solidarob isaken gadaxras (pa- 

nislamizi)[16.43]. 

“axalgazrda Turqebi” qveynis gadarCenas xedavd 

nen mxolod misi dasavluri mimarTulebiT ganviTa 

rebaSi da amgvarad gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aq- 

cevdnen Turqul specifikas da wamoiwyes moZraoba 

“Turqizmis” saxelwodebiT. Turqizmis idea eyrdno- 

boda xalxosnobisa da nacionalizmis ideebs. garda 

amisa, igi mimarTuli iyo agreTve Turqulenovani 

xalxebis gaerTianebisaken. maTi erovnuli sazRvrebis 

gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. Ees mizani gansazRvruli iyo 

sityviT “panTuranizmi,” (momdinareobs Turanisagan 

Turqi xalxis legendaruli qveynis saxelwodeba) 

[48.23]. 

52

axalgazrda Turqebma SeiTvises erTis mxriv Tur- 

qizmi da meores mxriv - eris evropuli koncefcia da 

Seecadnen realobad eqciaT “eris” gageba, magram 

osmaleTis teritoriaze balkanuri omebis dawyebas- 

Tan erTad kvlav aRorZinda panisla mizmi. imdenad, 

ramdenadac xelisufleba tradiciulad mimarTavda 

xalxis religiur grZnobebze TamaSs, raTa Seekra 

isini da maTSi aemaRlebina erovnuli suli. 

roca axalgazrda TurqTa liderma da qveynis 

faqtobrivma mmarTvelma enver-faSam osmaleTi CaiT- 

ria pirvel msoflio omSi, wina planze wamoiwia 

panTurqizmi.Eenver-faSa imeds amyarebda germaniis ga- 

marjvebaze da gegmavda SemoeerTebina rogorc kav- 

kasia, aseve centraluri azia. 1918 wlisaTvis, rode- 

sac Aanatolia okupirebuli aRmoCnda, xalxi Seejaxa 

iseT sirTuleebs, romlebic zogierT SemTxvevaSi 

sruliad ucxo iyo maTTvis. kerZod: 

1. pirvelad - osmaleTis saxelmwifos istoriaSi 

qveyana okupirebuli iqna ucxouri Zalebis mier; 

2. erovnuli da religiuri umciresobebi moiTx 

ovdnen anatoliaSi miwebis miRebas sakuTari damo 

ukidebeli saxelmwifos Sesaqmnelad; 

3. axalgazrda TurqTa mxridan “mamulisa” da 

“eris” Sesaxeb warmoebuli diskusiebis miuxedavad, 

xalxi praqtikulad ar icnobda inteligencias da 

jer kidev ar gaaCnda erovnuli TviTSegneba; 

4. 1911 wlidan xalxi mudmivad eweoda oms. maT ar 

ganucdia iseTi mimdinareobebis gavlena, rogoricaa 

53

“panosmanizmi” da “panTurqizmi” magram TanaugrZnobda 

“panislamizms;” 

ucxouri okupantebis Semotevis pirobebSi, Tuq 

xalxs hqonda erTaderTi gamosavali – ewarmoebina 

omi anatoliaSi yvela frontze[18.43]. 

qemalistebi Turqul nacionalizms Semdegna 

irad gansazRvraven: - ,,Turquli nacionalizmi rom- 

lis pirvelxarisxovani mizania msofliosTan mSvi- 

dobiani Tanacxovrebis fonze sakuTari qveynis da- 

moukideblobis SenarCuneba”[54.89]. 

TurqeTis erovnulma burJuaziam SeiTvisa Turqiz- 

mi, romelic mimarTuli iyo damoukidebeli, erovnu- 

li saxelmwifos Seqmnisaken. 

mustafa qemalis gagebiT Turqizmi, sxva araferi 

iyo, Tu ara Turquli nacionalizmi TurqeTis sazRv- 

rebSi, romelic gansxvavdeboda, rogorc osmaluri, 

aseve ,,islamuri nacionalizmisagan.” erma, - ambobda 

is, - ”Seicvala Tavisi saukuneobrivi saxe, man gaaer- 

Tiana Tavisi xalxi ara religiuri faqtoris, aramed 

Turquli erovnebis mikuTvnebis mixedviT”[52.14]. 

TurqeTis didi erovnuli krebis pirvelsave sxdo- 

maze, Mmustafa qemalis gamosvlebi faqtobrivad ofi- 

cialurad adasturebda Zveli, dromoWmuli ideale- 

bisagan, Turquli erovnuli burJuaziis ganTavisuf- 

lebas. is ambobda: - ,,nebismier Cvens moqalaqes aqvs 

ufleba iyos romelime didi idealis Tayvanis- 

mcemeli da mimxrobi, is am saqmeSi damoukidebelia, 

aravis SeuZlia Caerios amaSi, magram TurqeTis didi 

54

erovnuli kreba mxars uWers mtkice da stabilur 

politikas. romelic mimarTulia TurqTa damouki- 

deblobisaken maT gansazRvrul erovnul CarCoebSi” 

[51.100]. 

saxalxo-respublikuri partia warmoadgenda Tur- 

qul nacionaizms Semdegi TvalTaxedviT: - ,,Turquli 

nacionalizmi gansakuTrebulia erovnul sazRvrebSi 

mcxovrebi yvela TurqisaTvis, magram is amasTanave 

gamoxatavs yvela im Turqis mimarT Zmur grZnobebs, 

romlebic sazRvargareT cxovroben. is ewinaaRmdege- 

ba nebismier sxva araerovnul politikur mimarTu- 

lebas. Turquli nacionalizmi Riaa mTeli kacobrio- 

bisaTvis da yvela xalxisaTvis is aris nebismieri im 

xalxis gamaerTianebeli principi, romlebic aRzr- 

dili arian civilizirebul kulturaze da lapara- 

koben Turqul enaze”[20.45]. 

anu qemalistebma airCien cneba ,,eris” evropuli 

gageba, romlis mixedviT “eri aris saxelmwifo, 

romelTa mizania, TurqeTis respublikis erovnul 

sazRvrebSi mcxovrebi yvela xalxi gaaerTianos erT 

erad. maTi SekavSirebis safuZveli gaxdaE eTnikuro- 

ba, anu eTnikurad Turquli da muslimuri warmoSoba, 

aramed respublikis qveSevrdomoba. naciebis Sema- 

kavSirebelia socialuri da kulturuli fenomeni. 

saxelmwifos unda hqondes garkveuli teritoriebi, 

sadac cxovrobs misi mosaxleoba da moqmedebs am 

saxelmnwifos iurisdiqcia“ 

55

Turqulma nacionalizma Sedegad gamoiRo is, rom 

iuridiulad anu pilitikur-samarTlebrivad Turqe- 

Tis mTeli mosaxleoba iqca Turqad, rac srulebi- 

Tac ar gamoricxavda maT Turqobas. TurqeTis erov- 

nulma elitam swored, rom dasavluri modeli air- 

Cia. qemalistTa reformebma da sekularizaciam ga- 

moiwvia is, rom xalxis Segnebis gadaxaliseba moxda, 

Tu adre misi rwmenis sagans warmoadgenda islami, 

dRes am funqcias asrulebs eri. xalxma daiwyo imis 

gaTaviseba, rom is ar aris ara islamuri saxelmwi- 

fos qveSevrdomi, aramed saero, respublikis moqa- 

laqe.Nnacionalizmi 30-ian wlebSi iqca TurqeTis 

meore religiad. Qqemalisturi nacionalizmis speci- 

fika imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is warmoiqmna, rogorc 

ideologiuri instrumenti damoukideblobisaTvis 

brZolaSi. 

ase, rom Turquli nacionalizmi, laicizmTan anu 

sekularizaciasTan erTad, warmoadgens Turquli 

polotikis sistemas da sazogadoebis “evropiz aciis” 

ganmsazRvrel yvelaze mZlavr faqtors, romlis 

gareSe respublika ver miaRwevda suverenobas da 

kvlav gagrZeldeboda faqtobrivad ganwiruli saxel- 

mwifos rRvevis procesi. 

aTaTurqi yovelTvis ar iyo Tanmimdevruli 

panTurqizmTan brZolaSi. Semdgom wlebSi is aZlevda 

Tavisuflebas im xalxis moRvaweobas, romelebic 

propagandas uwevdnen reaqciul ideologias, es miu- 

TiTebs Turquli, burJuaziuli ideologiis uunaro- 

56

aze, daewyo brZola reaqciuli tendenciebis wi- 

naaRmdeg, rogorc politikaSi, aseve sazogadoebriv 

cxovrebaSi. swored am garemoebiT sargeblobdnen 

reaqciuli wreebi, romlebic Tavis Tavs aTaaTurqis 

momxreebad da saqmis gamgrZeleblad Tvlidnen[31.41]. 

nacionalizmis debuleba uSualod aris dakav- 

Sirebuli Turquli erovnuli TviTSegnebis Seqmnas- 

Tan. aTaTurqi ganmartavs, rom ”ers qmnis bunebrivi 

da istoriuli faqtorebi: politikuri erTianoba, 

saerTo ena, saerTo samSoblo, saerTo warmoSoba, 

istoriuli da zneobrivi safuZvlebis erToba”[24.68]. 

„Cveni nacionalizmi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris 

egoisturi da ampartavnuli nacionalizmi... Cven 

aravis mtrebi ar varT, mxolod adamianobis mtrobis 

mtrebi varT... samSobloSi mSvidoba dedamiwaze mSvi- 

dobis debulebaa, Cveni erovnulobac swored amis 

Tanxmobaa“ dasZenda aTaTurqi [64.92]. 

nacionalizmis principi Turqi xalxis brZolis 

erT-erTi dasayrdenia. is aTaTurqis mxridan ganixi- 

leboda, rogorc mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad saxel- 

mwifoebriobis winsvlis saqmeSi. miTumetes, rom 

nacionalizmi yovelTvis did rols TamaSobda Tur- 

qeTis istoriaSi. 

qemalizmis nacionalizmis debulebas dResac 

eyrdnoba TurqeTis respublikis saSinao politika 

da am debulebis cxovrebaSi gatarebis Sedegad bev- 

rad ufro erTgvarovani da Turqulia, vidre misi 

arsebobis pirvel wlebSi. 

57

$ $ $ IV. xalxosnoba 

xalxosnoba 

xalxosnoba 

xalxosnoba - axlos dgas nacionalizmis princi 

pTan. zogi mklevaris azriT xalxosnoba naciona 

lizmidan momdinareobs da misi Sedegia. aTaTurqis 

mixedviT “xalxosnoba esaa – demokratiuloba,” ro- 

melic ar cnobs pirovnebebs Soris privilegiebs da 

ar eTanxmeba klasobriv brZolas[12.23.]. 

xalxosnoba warmoadgens qemalizmisa da sxva 

ideologiur sistemebs Soris ganmasxvavebel mniSvne- 

lovan elements. misi umTavresi mizani iyo xalxSi 

ganaTlebisa da kulturis Setana, ganurCevlad maTi 

klasobrivi kuTvnilebisa. Tanasworuflebian moqa- 

laqeTa sazogadoebis Sesaqmnelad, qemalistebi auq- 

mebdnen osmaleTis imperiisagan memkvidreobiT dar- 

Cenil aristokratul titulebs da privilegiebs. 

osmaleTis arsebobis dros sazogadoeba dayofi- 

li iyo or klasad: saSualo klasi (glexebi, jaris- 

kacebi) da privilegirebuli klasi (oficrebi, mmarT- 

veli wreebis warmomadgenlebi). saxelmwifos marTva 

xelT epyra privilegirebul fenas, maSin rodesac 

saSualo klass ar hqonda aranairi ufleba Careuli- 

yo saxelmwifo saqmeebSi. 

osmaluri sazogadoeba waroadgenda mravalfero- 

van mozaikas, romelic moicavda Tvramet sxvadasxva 

eTnikur jgufs da sam religias, romlebic erTad 

cxovrobdnen yovelgvari garTulebis gareSe[51.88]. 

58

mustafa qemali Tavis erT-erT sityvaSi xazs 

usvamda, rom “TurqeTis respublika warmoadgens sa- 

zogadoebas yovelgvari socialuri da klasobrivi 

danawevrebis gareSe: _ ar arsebobs klasobrivi in- 

teresebi, me axla vxvdebi vaWrebs; fermerebs; mSro- 

melebs; isini ar SeiZleba iyvnen ganxiluli erTma- 

neTis sapirispiro fenebad”[35.40]. 

qemalisturma jgufebma, romlebsac unda Seedg 

inaT pirveli Turquli konstitucia, xalxosnobis 

principis daxasiaTebisaTvis Semdegi terminologia 

gamoiyenes: 

muxli 2. – ”mTavroba, romelic momdinareobs Tur- 

qeTis didi erovnuli krebisagan, dabejiTebiT amtki- 

cebs, rom qveynis suvereniteti da marTva ekuTvnis 

qveynis WeSmarit mflobels - xalxs.” 

muxli 6. – ”suvereniteti yovelgvari pirobisa da 

SezRudvis gareSe ekuTvnis ers” (amdagvarad, saxal- 

xo mmarTvelobis xasiaTi de-faqto damokidebulia 

xalxis TviTgamorkvevaze). 

muxli 8. – ”Turqi xalxis mmarTveloba imyofeba 

didi erovnuli krebis kontrolis qveS”[36.4]. 

1920 wlis 20 ivliss Mmustafa qemali didi erov- 

nuli krebis sxdomaze ambobda: _ “Cveni ideologiis 

amosavali wertili xalxosnobaa, mTeli Zalaufleba 

da administracia Tavidan bolomde xalxs unda ga- 

daeces, is xalxis xelSi unda imyofebodes”[73.88]. 

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, erTi wlis Semdeg 

mustafa qemali xazs usvamda im faqts, rom _ “Cveni 

59

xelisufleba ar Hhgavs samecniero naSromebSi aRwe- 

ril arc erT (demokratiul, socialistur) Teoriul 

models, Cven Tu dagvWirdeba misi sociologiuri 

gansazRvra, maSin unda ganvacxadoT, rom Cveni 

modeli aris saxalxo”[29.33.]. 

1923 wlis 9 seqtembers qemalistebma Seqmnes “sa- 

xalxo partia” (Sinaarsobrivad xalxosnuri partia), 

romelTa miznebi iyo: 

1. xalxis mier da xalxisaTvis gatarebuli erov- 

nuli suverenitetis xelmZRvaneloba da zedamxedve- 

loba; 

2. Turquli civilizaciis didebis aRdgena; 

3. kanonis absoluturi batonobis damkvidreba yve- 

lasaTvis; 

Tavdapirvelad, xalxosnobis principi Zlier iyo 

gajerebuli idealizmiT. tipiuri iyo masSi Cadebuli 

miswrafeba klasobrivi brZolis ganadgurebisaTvis. 

osmaleTis saxelmwifoSi arsebobda hegemoniis (eko- 

nomikuri, religiuri da politikuri) formebi, ro- 

melic ewinaaRmdegeboda xalxosnobis princips, 

romlis ganadgureba qemalistebma ver moaxerxes. 

1934 wels saxalxo-respublikuri partiis yrilo- 

baze partiis qemalisturi koncefcia xalxosnobis 

Sesaxeb Semdegnairad ganisazrvra: _ “TurqeTSi ar 

arsebobs klasobrivi brZola, arc regionalizmi, arc 

feodalizmi, arc privilegirebuli ojaxebi da arc 

maTi konceptualuri gamoxatulebebi[72.34]. 

60

აmgvarad, xalxosnobis (halqCiliqi 

halqCiliqi 

halqCiliqi) halqCiliqi principis 

mixedviT xelisflebam unda izrunos xalxis keTil 

dReobaze, igi Turqi xalxis erT ojaxad, erT jgu- 

fad Tavmoyris mniSvnelovani movlenaa, is aZlierebs 

da safuZvels umagrebs saxelmwifos da aregulirebs 

uflebriv-movaleobriv urTierTobebs saxelmwifosa 

da mis moqalaqeebs Soris[66.52]. 

$V. V. etatizmi etatizmi 

etatizmi 

etatizmis qemalisturi gageba efuZneba qveynis 

ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi saxelmwifos Carevis prin- 

cips, ramac unda gansazRvros misi kulturuli, 

socialuri da ekonomikuri cxovrebis wesi. 

osmaleTis saxelmwifos Zliereba yovelTvis 

efuZvneboda sagadasaxado sistemas. maTgan gansxva 

vebiT TurqeTis axalgazrda saxelmwifo imeds am- 

yarebda mxolod soflis meurneobaze, romelic adre 

ekonomikuri Zlierebis garantias ar iZleoda. imis- 

Tvis, rom uzrunvelyofiliyo ekonomikis aRmavloba, 

qemalistebi flobdnen erTaderT SesaZleblobas, es 

iyo saxelmwifos aqtiuri Careva am sferoSi. 

damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi sruliad gaCa- 

nagda qveyana. wvrili mevaWreebi da miwaTmflobele- 

bi, marTalia, ibrZodnen qemalistTa mxareze, magram 

isini ar flobdnen did kapitals, raTa sazogadoe- 

baSi gavlenian Zalad gadaqceu liyvnen.Qqemalistebi 

61

cdilobdnen qveynis ekonomikuri aRorZinebisaTvis 

gaeerTianebinaT wvrilmovaWreebi da miwaTmflobe- 

lebi. isini, erTis mxriv ereodnen kerZo warmoebaSi 

da meore mxriv ki xalxosnobasTan dakavSirebiT 

cdilobdnen ar SeeqmnaT privilegiuri klasi. aseTi 

gamokveTili ganwyobileba gardaiqmna etatizmis 

principad, romelic mosaxleobis romelime katego- 

riis mimarT gamoricxavda yovelgvar gansakuTrebul 

upiratesobas im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu isini arsebiT 

daxmarebas uwevdnen reJims. 

1923 wels qemalistebma qveyanaSi Seqmnili realu- 

ri situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT Seqmnes ekonomikis 

“Sereuli sistema,” anu meurneobis saxelmwifo da 

kerZo sistemebis Tanacxovreba da urTierTqmedeba 

[46.72]. 

etatizmi (warmosdgeba franguli sityvidan Eetat- 

saxelmwifo), am princips ori ganmarteba gaaCnia, 

farTo gagebiT igi niSnavs ekonomikisa da socialur- 

kulturuli aRorZinebis politikis gatarebas, viwro 

gagebiT ki - saxelmwifos warmmarTvel rols ekono- 

mikaSi. es ki niSnavs, rom yvelafers saxelmwfio 

awarmoebs[12.23] e.i. es principi saxelmwifos aqtiur 

politikas gulisxmobs qveynis SigniT. saxelmwifom 

unda iTamaSos mTavari roli qveynis ekonomikur, 

socialur da kulturul ganviTarebaSi, anu es aris 

saxelmwifos seqtoris upiratesi ganviTareba, anu 

devleT devleT Ciliqi. 

Ciliqi. 

62

cxadia, rom TurqeTis burJuazias ar SeeZlo so- 

cialisturi reformebis gziT wasvla, amitom Tur- 

qeTis xelisufalni cdiloben epovaT ganviTarebis 

sakuTari gza. saWiro iyo koloniuri ekonomikis 

magier damoukidebeli erovnuli ekonomikis Seqmna, 

rac TurqeTis respublikis sazrunavs Seadgenda. 

TurqeTis erovnuli burJuazia, romelic moeqca 

xelisuflebis saTaveSi, dainteresebuli iyo saSinao 

bazrisa da sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis ga- 

farToebiT, erovnuli mrewvelobis SeqmniT, soflis 

meurneobis sxvadasxva dargebis ganviTarebiTa da 

qveynis SigniT mimosvlis saSualebis, pirvel rigSi, 

rkinigzebis axali xazebis mSeneblobiT, raTa umok- 

les droSi qveyanas mieRwia ekonomikuri damouki- 

deblobisaTvis. amasTan erTad erovnuli burJaziis 

tradiciul ocnebas warmoadgenda ucxoeTis kapi- 

talis poziciebis Sesusteba da qveynis ekonomikaSi 

erovnuli mdgomareobis dakaveba. am sakiTxis swra- 

fad mogvarebisa da saerTod, qveynis momavali eko- 

nomikuri ganviTarebis gzebis dasaxvisaTvis 1923 

wlis Teberval-martSi izmirSi mowveul iqna ekono- 

mikuri kongresi. romelzec miRebuli sxvadasxva dad- 

genilebebi (rogoricaa samrewvelo mSeneblobis, 

soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis, vaWrobis, sabaJo 

politikisa da sxva) aSkarad miuTiTeben imaze, rom 

TurqeTis respublikis xelmZRvaneloba qveynis moma- 

vali sameurneo ekonomikur ganviTarebisaTvis airCev- 

63

da saxalxo meurneobis ZiriTad, wamyvan dargebSi 

etatizmis gatarebis gzas[19.25]. 

ekonomikuri damoukideblobis mopovebisas qema- 

listebi gansakuTrebiT mimarTavdnen nacionalizmis 

princips. aTaTurqi ekonomikuri suverenitetis Sesa- 

xeb ambobda: “rogori mniSvnelovani ar unda iyos 

politikuri da samxedro gamarjvebebi, is didxans 

ver gagrZeldeba da gaqreba, Tu qveyana iqna gam- 

yarebuli ekonomikuri gamarjvebebiT da ekonomikuri 

suverenitetiT, erTaderTi Zala, erTaderTi myari 

fundameti romelic uzrunvelyofs srul warmatebas, 

es TurqeTis ekonomikaa”[79.43]. 

1927 wels qemalistebi iReben specialur “mrewve- 

lobis waxalisebis kanons”, ris safuZvelzec mTav- 

roba cdilobs maqsimaluri mxardaWera aRmouCinos 

mrewvelobaSi kerZo seqtors. 30-iani wlebis dasaw- 

yisidan ki iwyeba saxelmwifos aqtiuri Careva qveynis 

sameurneo cxovrebaSi. TurqeTis saxelmwifo xel- 

mZRvanelebi da burJuaziis ideologebi qemalistTa 

ekonomikur politikas anu etatizms xatavdnen im- 

gvarad, TiTqosda ekonomikuri ganviTarebis es gza 

warmoadgenda sruliad originalur, TurqeTisaTvis 

yvelaze ufro misaReb gzas, romelic mTel TurqeTs 

umokles droSi miiyvanda ekonomikur keTildReo- 

bamde. 

etatizms TurqeTSi, 30-iani wlebidan moyolebuli 

gamouCnda mexotbeTa erTi jgufi. maTi azriT, Tur- 

qeTisaTvis misaRebi erTaderTi gza - etatisturi 

64

politikaa, romelic erTnairad aris misaRebi da 

xelsayreli ATurquli sazogadoebis yvela socialu- 

ri jgufisaTvis da warmoadgens saerTo erovnul 

politikur princips. 

am etatisturi principiT, romelic mowodebulia 

aaSenos “ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli, “kulturuli” 

da “harmoniuli” saxelmwifo wyobileba, dakavSirebu- 

lia qemalizmis cnobil sxva principebTan: “respub- 

likuroba,” “erovnuloba,” “xalxuroba,” “laicizmi” 

da “revoluciuroba.” es principebi etatizmis 

CaTvliT pirvelad iqna Setanili TurqeTis saxalxo 

republikuri partiis programaSi 1931 wels. 1937 wels 

ki rogorc kanoni, fiqsirebuli iqna calke muxlad 

konstituciaSi. partiis programaSi Setanili etatiz- 

mis principi acxadebda, rom “saxalxo partia kerZo 

da individualuri iniciativis safuZvlad miRebasTan 

erTad moiTxovs saxelmwifos aqtiur moqmedebas, 

gansakuTrebiT ekonomikur sferoSi, iq sadac auci- 

lebelia maRali mogebebis miReba.” rac Seexeba sxva 

principebs, yvela isini warmoadgenen qemalizmis 

ideologiis propagandis qvakuTxeds. es principebi, 

romlebic Tavis mxriv mxarSi udganan da avseben 

qemalistTa saxelmwifos SeqmnisaTvis ”aRmoCenil 

ekonomikur anu etatistur politikas, warmoadgenen 

moxerxebul iaraRs arsebul etapze ekonomikuri 

ayvavebisaTvis. qemalisturi reJimi Tavisi arsiTa da 

etatisturi ekonomikuri politikis meSveobiT SeZ- 

65

lebs uzrunvelyos mTeli eris ekonomikuri bednie- 

reba [19.75]. 

aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom ar unda 

daviyvanoT etatizmi mxolod saxelwifos CareviT 

ekonomikis marTvaSi da proteqcionizmze.Qqemalistebi 

mas ganixilavdnen, rogorc qveynis modernizaciis, 

demokratizaciisa da socialuri samarTlianobis 

erT-erT instruments. Mmiiswrafodnen ra erovnuli 

damoukideblobis mopovebisaken, qemalistebi gegmavd- 

nen sazRvargareT sawarmoebisa da vaWrobis naciona- 

lizacias, rac gulisxmobda am ukanasknelis “Turqi- 

zacias.” es gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom respublikam- 

del TurqeTSi mTeli vaWroba da warmoeba ara- 

Turqebis xelSi iyo. anu sawyis etapze Turquli 

ekonomikis “daxuruli” xasiaTi, mTavrobis mxridan 

mudmivi da myari zedamxedveloba warmoadgenda sus- 

ti, erovnuli kerZo warmoebisagan gamowveuli mdgo- 

mareobis iZulebiT kompensacias. 

etatizmi aris TurqeTis respublikis gardamavali 

politika, misi gamoyeneba ki erovnuli moZraobis 

logikuri dasasruli. iseT kompaniaTa nacionaliza- 

cia rogoricaa rkinigza, gazi, portebi, qemalistebi- 

saTvis iyo TavianTi erovnuli politikis mizani 

[39.44]. 

etatizmis erT-erTi mTavari Teoretikosi ahmad 

hamdi (SemdgomSi baSari) Tavis gamocemebSi ambobs, 

rom ”etatizmi miscems saSualebas TurqeTs ekono- 

mikur da kulturul TvalsazrisiT avides evropis 

66

donemde. “devleT Ciliqi”, romelic evropis qveynebSi 

warmoiSva sazogadoebrivi da politikuri mimarTu- 

lebiT, TurqeTSi upirveles yovlisa aRmocenda 

ekonomikuri aucileblobiT. TurqeTi mxolod dev- 

leT Ciliqis gziT dauaxlovda evropas. TurqeTis 

ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis, warmoebis zrdisaT- 

vis, umuSevrobis mospobisaTvis, xalxis keTildReo- 

bis gaumjobesebisa da sxva mravali ekonomiuri Tu 

socialuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetisaTvis TurqeTSi 

aris aucilebeli pirobebi, risTvisac saWiroa sa- 

xelmwifos mxridan misi xelSewyoba. 

a.baSaris azriT: ”etatisturi politikis gatare 

bisas saxelmwifos ekonomikuri iniciativa ar unda 

iqnes TviTmiznad ganxorcielebuli, mas unda hqondes 

droebiTi xasiaTi. igi ufro energiulad unda gatar- 

des, vidre sinamdvileSi tardeba, mxolod imisTvis, 

rom swrafad miaRwion Sedegs da dasruldes, e.i. 

ekonomikuri iniciativa TandaTanobiT kerZo kapitals 

gadaeces”[46.92]. 

etatizmis politikis gatarebiT TurqeTis erov- 

nulma burJuaziam mniSvnelovnad ganamtkica aramar- 

to Tavisi politikuri da ekonomikuri poziciebi, 

aramed saxelmwifos materialuri bazac. erTdrou- 

lad sagrZnoblad SezRuda ucxo kapitalis pozi- 

ciebic da xeli Seuwyo kapitalizmis ganviTare- 

bas.Mmagram amasTan erTad, erovnulma burJuaziam 

TandaTanobiT gadauxvia etatizmis qemalisturi prin- 

cipebidan, xolo meore msoflio omis dawyebis 

67

Semdeg qveynis politikuri, ekonomikuri interensebi 

daukavSira did saxelmwifoTa interesebs[19.10]. 

amrigad, Tavisi specipikidan gamomdinare Turquli 

etatizmi anu qemalisturi ekonomikuri politika 

warmoadgens, rogorc “Sereuli tipis” ekonomikas, 

rac faqtobrivad kapitalisturi sistemisaTvis amza- 

debda safuZvels. saboloo jamSi am ekonomikurma 

sistemam TurqeTs misca kapitalizmis ganviTarebis 

SesaZlebloba da uzrunvelyo burJuaziis klasis 

warmoqmna, romelmac Tavisi poziciebi gaimyara[29.46]. 

$VI. VI. revolucionizmi 

evolucionizmi 

revolucionizmi (inqilafCiliq) (inqilafCiliq) erTis mxriv gu- 

lisxmobs sazogadoebis mudmiv ganviTarebas da 

meores mxriv, qemalisturi revoluciis saxeliT aer- 

Tianebs yvela zemoT CamoTvlil princips. 

”Tavisufleba xalxis Tavisufali azrisa da sity- 

vis gamoxatulebaa, Tavisufleba Cems xasiaTSia. Tavi- 

sufali sazogadoeba ki Zlieri da damoukidebeli 

saxelmwifos safuZvelia”- ambobda aTaTurqi [80.55]. 

damoukideblobis debulebas qemali wina planze 

ayenebda. igi xom Turqi xalxis pativmoyvareobis, 

erovnuli Rirebulebebis, Tavisuflebis, TviTmyofa 

dobis, TavisTavadobis mniSvnelovani niSani da mov- 

lena iyo. amitomacaa, rom am xalxis erovnuli brZo- 

lis lozungi ”damoukidebloba an sikvdili” gaxda. 

68

aTaTurqis azriT ”damoukidebloba gulis xmobs 

politikuri viTarebis, materialuri mdgomar eobis, 

ekonomikis, sasamarTlo, samxedro da kultu ruli 

cxovrebis erTad Serwymas Tavisuflebasa da SeuzRu- 

daobasTan. aqedan romelimes ararsebobis SemTxveva- 

Si, damoukideblobis sworad gageba, misi axsna- 

ganmarteba SeuZlebeli iqneboda...” ”damoukideblobis 

da Tavisuflebis gansazRvra farTo msjelobis sa- 

gania da is patiosani xalxis kuTvnili debulebaa” 

[82.90]. aTaTurqis am sityvebs didi fasi aqvs, rad- 

ganac damoukideblobis armqone erma, rac ar unda 

simdidres, keTildReobas da dovlaTs miaRwios, 

civilizebuli erebis mxridan damsaxurebas ver 

moipovebs. 

Turqi xalxis saxelmwifoebriobis brZolis idea, 

yovelTvis atarebda eTnocentristul da naciona- 

lur xasiaTs. TviT qemalisturi revolucia es iyo 

memarcxene msoflmxedvelobis ideologia Zlieri 

nacionalisturi aspeqtebiT. 

miuxedavad debulebaTa urTierTSoris mWidro 

kavSirisa, zogierTi mkvlevari mainc Tvlis, rom ar 

SeiZleba qemalizmis mwyobr Teoriul sistemad 

gamocxadeba, vinaidan igi warmoadgens evropul- 

materialistur da idealistur Teoriebidan aRebul 

debulebaTa kompleqs. amave dros bevri ram am Teo- 

riebidan aRebulia aramarto uSualod evropidan, 

sadac igi Seiqmna, aramed TurqeTis sinamdvilidan. 

69

qemalistur revoluciasTan dakavSirebiT adgili 

ar hqonia aseT Tanmimdevrobas: jer revluciuri 

Teoria, Semdeg revolucia. TurqeTSi moxda piriqiT: 

jer revolucia da mxolod Semdeg, ukve revoluciis 

msvlelobaSi Seiqmna sistema. es qemalizmis damaxa- 

siaTebeli Taviseburebaa. rodesac mustafa qemal 

faSa saTaveSi Caudga interventebis winaaRmdeg 

brZolas, mas programa ar hqonda SemuSavebuli, ami- 

tomac SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom saxalxo respubli- 

kuri partiis eqvsive debulebis TandaTanobiT Camoya- 

libebis procesi amave dros aris qemalizmis, ro- 

gorc ideologiis Camoyalibebis piroba, romelic 

moicavs ara marto antantel interventebTan brZo- 

las, aramed respublikuri reformebis periodsac. 

qemalizmis sworad gagebis gareSe ki SeuZlebelia 

Tanamedrove TurqeTSi mimdinare procesebis obieqtu- 

rad aRqma da gaanalizeba [2.24]. 

mustafa qemalma, TurqeTis didi erovnuli krebis 

mowvevis (1920w. 23 aprili) Semdeg, miznad daisaxa sa- 

sulTnos gauqmeba da respublikuri wyobilebis dam- 

yareba. mas kargad esmoda, rom erovnuli kerebis de- 

putatebi am saqmeSi mxars ar dauWrednen, radgan 

deputatebis umravlesoba sulTnisadmi loialurad 

iyvnen ganwyobilni. mejlisis SemadgenlobaSi ar 

iyvnen muSebi, glexebi, xelosnebi. ar Canda is Zala, 

romelic gaxdeboda dasayrdeni revoluciuri gar- 

daqmnebis dros. 

70

aseT viTarebaSi mustafa qemalma gadawyvita, Se- 

niRbulad warmoeCina da etapobrivad ganexorciele- 

bina Tavisi miznebi. “me msurda, wers mustafa qemali, 

Camomeyalibebina sruliad sxva xasiaTiT da uflebe- 

biT aRWurvili mejlisi, raTa erTad, Tanamimdevro- 

biT gagvevlo revoluciis etapebi”[81.84]. ”revoluci- 

is etapebSi” mustafa qemali gulisxmobda sasulTnos 

gauqmebasa da respublikis gamocxadebas. 

aTaTurqi cdilobda deputatebi daerwmunebina, 

rom es reformebi, romlebic winaT Catarda ar SeiZ- 

leba gamxdariyo axali TurqeTis politikuri mow- 

yobis safuZveli, amisTvis ki saWiro iyo radika 

luri, revoluciuri gardaqmnebi. 

Aam sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mustafa qemali werda: 

“cnobilia, rom winare reJimebis dros praqtikulad 

axorcielebdnen sxvadasxva politikur doqtrinebs, 

me ki mivedi im daskvnamde, rom arc erTi doqtrina 

ar SeiZleba gamxdariyo safuZveli TurqeTis axali 

politikuri mowyobisaTvis, me vcdilobdi mejlisi 

amaSi damerwmunebina”[5.122]. 

axali wyobis dasamyareblad saWiro iyo saxelm 

wifos ZiriTadi mmarTvelobis funqciebis gansaz 

Rvra; sakonstitucio ufleba-movaleobebis dadgena 

da sxva. 

erovnulma krebam yvela es sakiTxi warmatebiT 

gadawyvita. magram, gadauWreli rCeboda sulTnis uf- 

lebamosilebis sakiTxi. erovnuli krebis feodalur- 

klerikaluri da reaqciuli deputatebi moiTxovdnen, 

71

om kanonSi sulTnis prerogativebTan dakavSirebiT 

pirdapir miTiTebuli da gansazRvruli yofiliyo 

misi uflebebi: ”didi erovnuli krebis xelisfleba 

droebiTia da misi uflebamosileba sulTan-xalifas 

ganTavisuflebamde gagrZeldeba.” 

e.i. opoziciis azriT, sulTani droebiT imyofe- 

boda ingliselTa “tyveobaSi,” rom male aRdgenili 

iqneboda misi xelisfleba da amis Semdeg didi erov- 

nuli kreba Sewyvetda Tavisi movaleobis Sesrulebas. 

mustafa qemali ar iTvaliswinebda opoziciis am 

Tvalsazris, magram aSkarad ar gamodioda maT 

winaaRmdeg, radganac amas SeiZleba antiimperialis- 

turi blokis daSla gamoewvia. igi am etapze ar 

apirebda sasulTnos gauqmebas, aramed cdilobda, 

sulTnis avtoritetis Selaxvas, misi poziciebis 

dasustebas, raTa moemzadebina niadagi SemdgomSi 

misi damxobisaTvis. Aam sakiTxis Sesaxeb mustafa qe- 

mali aRniSnavda, rom mehmed VI moaRalate iyo 

samSoblosa da eris winaSe, “igi aris iaraRi mtris 

xelSi, amasTanave ar SeiZleba sulTan-xalifa iyos 

is pirovneba, romelic moRalatea da ar SeiZleba 

erovnulma krebam mis winaSe fici dados.” mustafa 

qemalis azriT, ”aseve ar SeiZleba miRebuli iyos 

dadgenileba mehmed VI-is taxtidan Camogdebis Sesaxeb 

da misi Secvla sxva sulTniT, radgan igi imyofebo- 

da stambolSi, ar daemorCileboda erovnuli krebis 

gadawyvetilebas, rasac SeiZleba gamoewvia maT Soris 

dapirispireba da dinastiuri omi.” qemali moiTxoda, 

72

om axal kanonSi ar yofiliyo Setanili muxli 

sulTan-xalifas Sesaxeb. “am sakiTxebs gverdi unda 

avuaroT, ambobda igi, raTa Semdeg gvqondes moqme- 

debis Tavisufleba”[54.124]. 

diskusia mejliSi cxra Tves gagrZelda. opozicia 

wavida daTmobaze mas Semdeg, roca 1921 wlis 10 

ianvars qemalistebma sofel inonusTan berZnebze 

moipoves pirveli gamarjveba. 

1921 wlis 20 ianvars TurqeTis didma erovnulma 

krebam miiRo kanoni “ZiriTadi organizaciebis Se- 

saxeb.” faqtobrivad, es iyo TurqeTis drobiTi kons- 

titucia. man daadastura, rom TurqeTis didi erov- 

nuli kreba aris TurqeTis erTaderTi kanonieri 

organo, romelsac ekuTvnis rogorc sakanonmdeblo, 

ise aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. kanoni gansazRv- 

ravda erovnuli krebis Tavmjdomaris, deputatebis, 

mTavrobisa da adgilobrivi administraciis funq- 

ciebs. xolo sulTan-xalifas Sesaxeb araferi iyo 

naTqvami. formalurad ”kanoni ZiriTadi organiza- 

ciebis Sesaxeb” ki ar auqmebda 1876 wlis konsti- 

tucias, aramed avsebda Zvel konstitucias. sulTani 

formalurad inarCunebda Tavis xelisuflebas. 

mustafa qemalma gadawyvita gaeuqmebina sulTnis 

xelisufleba, magram mas kargad axsovda konsti 

tuciis miRebis dros, opozicia rogor TavdadebiT 

icavda sulTans da mxolod cxra Tvis kamaTis Sem- 

deg miRebuli iqna kompromisuli winadadeba. 

73

antantis saxelwmifoebma gadawyvites kidev ufro 

metad gaemwvavebinaT urTierToba qemalistebsa da 

sulTnis xelisuflebas Soris da am mizniT ga- 

moeyenebina TurqeTSi arsebuli orxelisflebianoba. 

antantam lozanis konferenciaze monawileobis miz- 

niT miwveva gaugzavna rogorc ankaris, ise stambulis 

mTavrobebs (konferencia lozanaSi unda dawyebuliyo 

20 noembers). 

berZnebze mopovebuli didi gamarjvebis Semdeg, 

mustafa qemalis avtoriteti mniSvnelovnad gaizarda 

da ganmtkicda. Tu sulTnis delegacia monawileobas 

miiRebda samSvidobo sazavo konferenciaSi, misi 

Seryeuli avtoriteti amaRldeboda da misi taxtidan 

gadayenebis sakiTxi, SesaZlebelia dRis wesrigidan 

moxsniliyo. saWiro iyo saswrafo zomebis miReba. 

mustafa qemals kargad esmoda, rom erTdroulad 

sulTnis saero da sasuliero xeli sflebis gauqmeba 

did winaaRmdegobas gamoiwvevda. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom erovnul-ganmaTavisufl 

ebeli moZraobis dros sulTanma dakarga realuri 

Zalaufleba, saxeli gaitexa antantis saxelmwi 

foebTan TanamSromlobiT da antixalxuri polit 

ikis gatarebiT, igi feodalur-klerikalur wreebSi 

jer kidev didi gavleniT sargeblobda. mustafa qe- 

malma gadawyvita sulTnis xelisufleba orad gaeyo 

da etapobrivad gaeuqmebina, raTa ar gamoewvia sulT- 

nis momxreebis gamosvlebi. es iyo mustafa qemalis 

swori da brZnuli gadawyvetileba. 

74

aRasaniSnavia, rom sulTan-xalifas Tanamdebo 

baze datovebas mxars uWerdnen TviT mustafa qemalis 

uaxloesi TanamebrZolebi. 1922 wlis 1 noembramde 

cota xniT adre rauf beis TxovniT moxda qemal 

faSasTan Sexvedra, romelsac agreTve eswrebodnen 

refeT faSa da fuad faSa. rauf beim SeSfoTeba 

gamoTqva: gavrcelda xma, rom apirebdnen taxtisa da 

SesaZlebelia TviT saxalifos gauqmebas. amis gamo 

rauf beim ganacxada: “me suliTa da guliT sulTnisa 

da xalifas erTguli var, rom Cemi valia bolomde 

davrCe fadiSahis erTguli”[71.85]. rauf beis ganc- 

xadebis Semdeg qemalma hkiTxa refeT faSas, Tu ras 

ityvis igi amis Sesaxeb. refeT faSam upasuxa, rom igi 

savsebiT iziarebs rauf beis azrs. sinamdvileSi maT 

ar warmoudgeniaT mmarTvelobis sxva forma garda 

sasulTnosa da saxalifosi. mustafa qemalma daamSvi- 

da oriveni da ganacxada, rom es sakiTxi dRis wes- 

rigSi ar dgas da sulTans araferi emuqreboda. 

am Sexvedris Semdeg, rodesac erovnul krebaze 

ixileboda sulTan-xalifas sakiTxi, qemalma gamoi- 

Zaxa rauf bei Tavis kabinetSi da TxovniT mimarTa: 

”Cvens saxalifos gamovacalkevebT sasulTnosagan da 

gavauqmebT am ukanasknelis xelisuflebas,” Tqven 

gamoxvalT erovnul krebaze da moiwonebT am Ro- 

nisZiebas. aseTive winadadebiT mimarTa qemalma yara- 

beqir faSas. maT es davaleba usityvod Seasrules. 

kidev ufro meti, rauf beim sxdomaze winadadeba 

75

Seitana sasulTnos gaumebis dRe gamocxadebuliyo 

dasvenebis dRed[54.123]. 

1922 wlis 30 oqtombers TurqeTis didi erovnuli 

krebis sxdomaze Setanili iqna winadadeba sulTnis 

mier qveynis interesebis Ralatis gamo misTvis saero 

xelisuflebis CamorTmevisa da mxolod sasuliero 

prerogativis SenarCunebis Sesaxeb. cxare diskusiis 

Semdeg 1 noembers, dilis sxdomaze es winadadeba xme- 

bis umravlesdobiT ar iqna miRebuli. klerikalebi 

amtkicebdnen, rom saero xelisuflebis gamoyofa 

sasulTnosagan warmoadgenda religiur sawyisebze 

Tavdasxmas, rom fadiSahis prerogativebi wmindaa da 

ganasaxierebs am qveynad RmerTis xelisflebas. 

mustafa qemali iZulebuli Seiqmna gaekeTebina 

vrceli moxseneba islamis, saxalifosa da osmaleTis 

istoriis Sesaxeb. raTa ukuegdo klerikali depu- 

tatebis argumentebi. magram isini mainc ganagrZobd- 

nen winaaRmdegobis gawevas da asabuTebdnen sulTnis 

xelisuflebisagan gamoyofis SeuZleblobas. qemalma 

aSkarad ver gabeda gamosuliyo sasuliero pirebis 

winaaRmdeg. magram moiyvana damajerebeli argumentebi 

maTi usafuZvlo debatebis winaaRmdeg. “batonebo, 

ganacxada mustafa qemalma, suvereniteti da Zala- 

ufleba aravis gadacemia akademiuri diskusiis Sede- 

gad. suvereniteti moipoveba Zalis saSualebiT, Zalis 

zemoqmedebis Sedegad. Zalis gamoyenebis gziT osma- 

lo sulTnebma moipoves Zalaufleba Turqebze, rom- 

lebzedac isini batonobdnen eqvsi saukunis ganmav- 

76

lobaSi, axla es xalxi aRsdga maT winaaRmdeg da 

ukuagdebs is da xelSi aiRebs suvereniteti, romelic 

mas ekuTvnis kanonis safuZvelze, es momxdari faqtia. 

amocana mdgomareobs imaSi, rom vaRiaroT faqti” 

[59.142]. 

mustafa qemalma rkiniseburi logikisa da ze- 

moqmedebis ZaliT daarwmuna mowinaaRmdegeni mxari 

daeWiraT misi winadadebisaTvis. amis Semdeg sakiTxi 

martivad gadawyda: saRamos sxdomaze erTxmad miiRes 

kanoni sulTnis saero xelisuflebis gauqmebis Se- 

saxeb. 

Aamgvarad, 1922 wlis 1 noembers erovnulma krebam 

daadgina gauqmebuliyo sulTnis saero xelisufleba. 

sulTnis xelisflebis gauqmebasTan erTad, arse- 

boba Sewyvita sulTnis marionetulma mTavrobam. 

xelisfleba stambolSi erovnuli krebis xelSi ga- 

davida. osmaleTis imperiis ukanaskneli sulTani meh- 

med VI (vahidedini) imis gamo, rom mis winaaRdeg 

TurqeTis erovnulma krebam aRZra saqme Ralatis 

Sesaxeb, 1922 wlis 17 noembers ingliselebis dax- 

marebiT gaiqca TurqeTidan. meore dRes, 18 noembers, 

ufliswuli abdul-mejidi arCeul iqna ”yvela mus- 

limTa xalifad”[35.95]. 

eronvulma krebam gaauqma sulTnis saero xeli- 

sufleba da dautova mas sasuliero Zalaufleba 

(xalifoba). sakiTxis ase naxevrad gadawyveta iyo 

daTmoba feodalur-klerikaluri wreebis mimarT, 

magram mustafa qemali ar apirebda naxevar gzaze 

77

gaCerebas. axla misi mizani iyo respublikis gamoc- 

xadeba. 

gadauwyveteli rCeboda mTavari sakiTxi: rogor 

unda yofiliyo axali TurqeTis saxelmwifo wyobi 

leba. mejlisis SigniT gamwvavda brZola qveynis 

Semdgomi ganviTarebis gzaze da saxelmwifos mmarT 

velobis formaze. sasulTnos gauqmebis Semdeg 

TurqeTis saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis forma iurid 

iulad ar iyo dadgenili. qemalistebs hqonda winaa 

Rmegobrivi Sexeduleba am sakiTxeze. umravlesoba 

Tvlida, rom araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleboda 

gauqmebuliyo naxevrad Teokartiuli reJimi. erovnul 

krebaSi Seiqmna ramdenime jgufi TurqeTis momaval 

politikur reJimTan dakavSirebiT. 

parlamentis erT-erTma mTavrama jgufma wamoayena 

winadadeba, TurqeTi gamoecxadebinaT konstituciur 

monarqiad. qemalistebis erT-erTi lideri rauf bei 

upiratesobas aniWebda sasulTnos. amis gamo qemals 

da maT Soris Seiqmna seriozuli uTanxmoeba. rauf 

beim kontaqti daamyara qemalis mowinaaRmdege jguf- 

Tan. igi sayvedurobda qemals, rom saTanadod ar 

afasebda ganmaTavisuflebel brZolaSi qiazi yarabe- 

qirs, ali fuad faSasa da rauf beis Rvawls. rauf 

bei aSkarad gamovida qemalis winaaRdeg da ganacxa- 

da, rom ”qemlama xelSi Caigdo mTeli xelisufleba.” 

sxva generlebmac am sakiTxSi mxari dauWires mas. 

qemalistebs Soris warmoiSva pirveli seriozuli 

78

ganxeTqileba. parlamentSi Seiqmna opoziciuri gene 

rlebis jgufi rauf beis meTaurobiT. 

opoziciam gadawyvita esargebla lozanis konfe- 

renciaze TurqeTis delegaciis rTuli mdgomareobiT 

da mejlisSi gaaZliera gamosvlebi qemal faSas 

winaaRmdeg. opozicionerebi moiTxovdnen, rom gadae- 

caT xelisfleba sulTnisaTvis da wasuliynen 

daTmobaze antantis saxelmwifoebis mimarT. 

6 marts opoziciis deputatbma moiTxoves See- 

tanaT cvlileba saarCevno kanonSi. maTi kanonproeq- 

tis mixedviT, mejlisis deputati SeiZleba yofiliyo 

mxolod is piri, romelic dabadebuli iyo anato- 

liaSi da aRmosavleT TrakiSi, an romelic mudmivad 

cxovrobda saarCevno olqSi aranakleb 5 wlisa. es 

kanonproeqti uSualod mimarTuli iyo qemalis 

winaaRmdeg, radgan igi daibada salonikSi, romelic 

im dros aRar Sedioda TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi da 

ar ucxovria erTsa da imave adgilas 5 wlis gan- 

mavlobaSi. Opoziciis es moTxovna uaryofil iqna. 

aseT viTarebaSi qemalma gadawyvita opoziciis sabo- 

loo winaaRmdegobis daZlevis mizniT daearsebina 

politikuri partia da vadamde Caetarebina parla- 

mentSi arCevnebi. 

1923 wlis 1 aprils gamoqveynda dadgenileba par- 

lamentSi vadamde arCevnebis Catarebis Sesaxeb. 8 ap- 

rils, arCevnebis win qemalma gamoaqveyna cxra prin- 

cipisgan Semdgari saxalxo partiis Tezisebi, rome- 

lic amave dros iyo winasaarCevno programa. ris 

79

mixedviTac TurqeTis suvereniteti ekuTvnoda ers, 

romlis nebis gamomxatveli erTaderTi organo - 

TurqeTis didi erovnuli kreba iyo. yvela kanoni 

miRebuli unda yofiliyo am principis gaTvaliswi- 

nebiT [20.65]. 

qemalistebma didi saarCevno kampania Caatares. aR- 

saniSnavia, rom mustafa qemalma winasaarCevno siebi 

piradad Seadgina. 1923 wlis 23 ivliss Catarda meore 

mowvevis parlamentis riggareSe arCevnebi. qemalis- 

tebma arCevnebSi moipoves STambeWdavi gamarjveba. 286 

deputatidan aTaTurqis momxreebma 263 adgili 

daikaves. amave dros parlamentSi 20%-mde gaizarda 

samxedroTa raodenoba. ”opoziciis meore jgufma” 

parlamentSi deputatis verc erTi mandati ver miiRo, 

ris Semdegac qemalma kidev ufro ganimtkica pozi- 

ciebi parlamentSi da xalxis masebis mxardaWera moi 

pova[34.56]. 

23 agvistos gaixsna meore mowvevis ATurqeTis did 

erovnuli kreba. romelzec mustafa qemali airCies 

Tavmjdomared. 

1923 wlis 9 seqtembers mowveuli iqna ”saxalxo 

partiis” damfuZnebeli kreba da 11 seqtemebers ofi- 

cialurad gamocxadda “saxalxo partiis” daar 

seba(1924 wlis noembridan ”saxalxo partias” ewodeba 

”saxalxo-respublikuri partia”). saxalxo-respubli- 

kuri partia daarsda ”uflebaTa dacvis pirveli jgu- 

fis” bazaze[23.42]. 

80

partiis Tavmjdomared arCeul iqna mustafa qe- 

mali, romelsac es Tanamdeboba gardacvalebamde eka- 

va (1938 w. 10 noemberi). 

6 oqtombers TurqeTis jarebi Sevidnen stambo 

lSi, riTac damTavrda qveynis ganTavisufleba oku- 

pantebisagan. 13 oqtombers ankara gamocxadda Turqe- 

Tis dedaqalaqad, romelic 1919 wlidan iyo TurqeTis 

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis centri. 

mTeli qveyana zeimobda interventebze gamarjve- 

bas. swored aseT viTarebaSi qemalma gadawyvita 

ganexorcielebina Tavisi mizani - gamoecxadebina 

respublika. 

1923 wlis 29 oqtombers mustafa qemlama ”saxa 

lxo partiasa” da mejliss warudgina ismeT faSa 

sTan erTad SemuSavebuli proeqti, romelic Sedge 

boda sami punqtisagan: 

1. TurqeTis saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis formaa - 

respublika; 

2. TurqeTis saxelmwifos meTaurobs TurqeTis 

didi erovnuli kreba; 

3. TurqeTis saxelmwifos Sinaganawess marTavs 

ministrTa sabWo; 

1923 wlis 29 oqtombers saRamos 8 saaTsa da 30 

wuTze TurqeTis didma erovnulma krebam miiRo 

dadgenileba, TurqeTi gamocxadebuliyo respublikad. 

15 wuTis Semdeg mustafa qemali, aseve erTxmad 

airCies respublikis pirvel prezidentad. es amabavi 

imave Rames acnobes qveyanas 101 saarti leriozalpiT. 

81

30 oqtombers mTavrobis pirveli Tavmjdomare gaxda 

ismeT faSa[31.79]. 

respublikis gamocxadebis Semdeg gasauqmebeli 

rCeboda osmaleTis saxelmwifo wyobis ukanaskneli 

burji - saxalifo. xalifas garSemo ikribebodnen 

qveynis reaqciuli Zalebi, romelTac surdaT daem- 

xoT respublikuri reJimi da aRedginaT sasulTno. 

ukanasknelma xalifam abdul mejidama daiwyo 

kavSiris damyareba qemalistebis reJimiT ukmayofi 

lo elementebTan, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis 

gareT. indoeTSi, egvipteSi da sxva qveynebSi qveynd 

eboda mowodebebi “xalifas” dasacavad. 

erovnul krebaSi memarjvene liderebi asabuTe 

bdnen, rom Tu TurqeSi gauqmdeboda saxalifo, igi 

dakargavda islamur qveynebs Soris wamyvani saxelm 

wifos mniSvnelobas da mkveTrad daecemoda Turqe 

Tis saerTaSoriso avtoriteti. zogierT deputats 

(rauf bei, reSeT bei) urTierToba hqonda xalifas 

Tan, ramac SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia qemalistebs Soris. 

1924 wlis 15 Tebervals samxedro wvrTnis Casa- 

tareblad izmirSi Cavidnen premier-ministri ismeT 

faSa, erovnuli Tavdacvis ministri qiazim faSa da 

generaluri Stabis ufrosi fevzi faSa. armiis meTa- 

urebTan erTad Catarda Sekreba, romelzedac ga- 

dawyda saxalifos gauqmeba. samxedro wvrTnis dam- 

Tavrebis Semdeg, 3 marts ankaraSi gaixsna TurqeTis 

didi erovnuli krebis sesia, romelmac miiRo dad- 

genileba saxalifos gauqmebis Sesaxeb. ukanasknelma 

82

xalifam abdul-mejidma, TurqeTi datova. amasTan 

erTad qveynidan gaaZeves osmaleTis dinastiis yvela 

wevri da moaxdines maTi qonebis konfiskacia. 

sabolood gauqmda sulTnis rogorc saero, ise 

sasuliero xelisufleba da TurqeTSi respublikuri 

wyobileba damyarda, riTac daiwyo axali era qveynis 

istoriaSi. 

amrigad, anatoliaSi dawyebuli antiimperiali 

sturi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba revo 

luciaSi gadaizarda, ris Sedegadac qemalistebma 

mokle droSi ganaxorcieles sami mniSvnelovani aqti: 

gaauqmes sasulTno da saaxlifo; gamoacxades respub- 

lika da Seudgnen radikaluri reformebis gatarebas, 

romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiT kulturuli revo- 

luciis tolfasi iyo. 

qemalisturi revoluciis specifikuri Tavisebu 

reba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom revolucia moxda ara 

qvemodan, xalxis ajanyebis Sedegad, aramed zemodan 

parlamentis gziT, mustafa qemalis xelmZRvanelo- 

biT. 

qemalisturi revolucia TaviseburebebiT xasia 

Tdeba. es iyo, mSvidobiani gziT, TurqeTis revol 

uciuri gardaqmna, xaverdovani revolucia. romlis 

xelmZRvaneli da sulisCamdgmeli iyo mustafa qema- 

li. igi konfliqtis mosagvareblad jer mSvidobian 

gzas irCevda, Semdeg zewolas mimarTavda da iaraRs 

ukidures SemTxevvaSi iyenebda. 

83

marTalia, revoluciuri gardaqmnebis dros qema- 

li molaparakebasTan erTad zogjer zemoqme debas da 

muqarasac mimarTavda, magaram es iyo ukiduresi zoma. 

TurqeTis revoluciaSi udidesi wvlili mustafa qe- 

mals miuZRvis da amitomac mas istoriaSi qema- 

listur revolucias uwodeben. 

didia qemalisturi revoluciis istoriuli mni 

Svneloba aRmosavleTis xalxebisaTvis. igi saukeT 

eso magaliTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos aRmosavleTis 

muslimuri qveynebisaTvis, Tu rogor SeiZlეba mSvi 

dobiani gziT revoluciis ganxorcieleba. 

84

Tavi Tavi Tavi III III . .mustafa . mustafa qemal qemal aTaTurqis 

reformebi 

reformebi 

TurqeTSi respublikuri mmarTvelobis gamocx 

adebis Semdeg, qemalistebi Seudgnen radikaluri 

reformebis gatarebas; politikuri wyobilebis 

ganmtkicebas; ekonomikis ganviTarebas; xalxis masebis 

kulturuli da yofa-cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebas. 

magram, reformebis gatarebas yvela ar uWerda mxars. 

mejlisis SigniT gamwvavda brZola qemalistebsa da 

reformebis mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris. reaqciuli Za- 

lebi cdilobdnen Zveli wyobilebis SenarCunebas. 

xalifatis gauqmebis Semdeg, politikuri wyob 

ilebis ganmtkicebis mizniT yvelaze mniSvnelovani 

RonisZieba iyo parlamentis mier 1924 wlis 20 apri 

lis TurqeTis respublikis pirveli konstituciis 

miReba. romliTac moxda feodaluri wyobilebis naS- 

Tebis likvidacia da burJuaziuli sistemis damya- 

reba [51.83]. 

reformebis gatarebas xelmZRvanelobda 1924 wlis 

8 noembers Sedgenili mTavrobis axali kabineti, 

premier-ministr ismeT faSas meTaurobiT. 

1923 wlidan TurqeTSi ”saxalxo-respublikuri 

partiis” erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba damyarda, rome- 

lic gagrZelda 1946 wlamde, mravalpartiuli sis- 

temis SemoRebamde. 

kapitalisturi ganviTarebis gzaze TurqeTisa 

Tvis seriozul dabrkolebas warmoadgenda qveynis 

85

saukunovani CamorCeniloba mecnierebis, ganaTlebis, 

kulturisa da yofa-cxovrebis sferoSi. erovnuli 

burJuazia dainteresebuli iyo evropuli kulturis 

danergviT, rac xels Seuwyobda xalxis ganviTarebis 

donis amaRlebas da qveynis kapitalisturi gziT 

winsvlas [34.91]. 

TurqeTis respublikis gamocxadebis (1923w. 29 

oqtomberi), saxalifos gauqmebis (1924w. 3 marti) da 

Sida opoziciuri Zalebis damarcxebis Semdeg, qema- 

listebs miecaT saSualeba gaetarebinaT mTeli rigi 

evropuli yaidis reformebi axali tipis saxelmwi- 

fos mSeneblobisaTvis. 

qemalistebma drois sakmaod mcire monakveTSi SeZ- 

les sazogadoebis im civilizirebul sazRvrebamde 

miyvana, saidanac qveynis demokratiul modernizacias 

gaexsneboda gza. evropuli qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT 

sekularizacia TurqeTSi ar yofila sazogadoebis 

evoluciuri cvlilebebis Sedegad momxdari faqti. 

evropaSi saero saxelmwifoebi warmoiqmna burJuaziis 

gaCenasTan erTad feodalizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. 

X1X s. TurqeTSi ”TanzimaTisa” da XX s. 10-ian 

wlebSi ”axalgazrda Turqebis” mTavrobis mier gata- 

rebulma reformebma ver uzrunvelyves TurqeTis 

feodaluri Suasaukuneobrivi CamorCenilobis daZ- 

leva da evropuli tipis saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba. 

amitom, ”saxalxo-respublikuri partiis” xelmZRvane- 

lobiT reformebis gatarebisas (istoriuli roli, 

romelic evropaSi burJuaziam iTamaSa) TurqeTSi biu- 

86

okratiam Seasrula, kerZod ki samxedro generali- 

tetma[22.65]. 

1924 wlis 3 marts parlamentma miiRo kanoni Sa- 

riaTisa da vakufebis saministros gauqmebis Sesaxeb 

da mis nacvlad daarsda kulturis saministro. mis 

xelT gadavida meCeTebisa da Teqeebis xelmZRvane- 

loba. mas hqonda ufleba daeniSna da gadaeyenebina 

imamebi, Seixebi da sxva sasuliero pirebi. daiwyo 

samzadisi evropuli tipis axali samoqalaqo kodeq- 

sis SemuSavebisaTvis. osmaleTis dros, saxelmwifo 

samarTali SariaTis principebs emyareboda. axlad 

Seqmnil TurqeTis respublikas mis mier dawyebuli 

evropizaciis saqmeSi upirveles yovlisa unda moex- 

dina axali samarTlebrivi sistemis Seqmna. gaiTva- 

liswina ra es mdgomareoba, aTaTurqma 1924 wlis 1 

martis parlamentis sxdomaze gamosvlisas ganacxada 

Zveli osmaluri samarTlebrivi sistemis Secvlis 

aucileblobis Sesaxeb, rac Semdgom 1925 wels gai- 

meora ankaraSi samarTlis fakultetis gaxsnis ce- 

remonialze. 

1922 wels mustafa qemali werda: ”erovnuli moZ- 

raobis Semdeg Cven vagrZelebT brZolas mecnierebis, 

ganaTlebisa da ekonomikis sferoSi da me darw- 

munebuli var, rom am sarbielzec Cven mivaRwevT ga- 

marjvebas”[9.223]. 

axali Turquli samoqalaqo kodeqsi SemuSavebuli 

iqna specialuri komisiis mier Sveicariuli modelis 

mixedviT. komisiis SemadgenlobaSi CarTuli iyvnen 

87

TurqeTis yvelaze kompetenturi iuristebi. kodeqsi 

Seicavda umetesad, saero xasiaTis samarTlebriv 

normebs, rogoricaa: qonebrivi da saxelSekrulebo 

urTierTobebi; qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis; 

memkvidreobis, mzrunvelobisa da sxva samoqalaqo- 

samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi. axali kodeqsis mTava- 

ri damaxasiaTebeli niSani iyo mesakuTris samarT- 

lebrivi uflebebisa da kerZo sakuTrebis dacva. 

1926 wlis 26 maiss damatebiT gamoica kanoni #864 

”samoqalaqo kanonis amoqmedebisa da cxovrebaSi 

danergvis Sesaxeb.” romlis mixedviT muslimebisa da 

qristianebis uflebebi samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT 

erT safuZvels emyareboda[54.97]. 

1926 wlis 1 maiss miiRes italiur modelze Se- 

muSavebuli sisxlis samarTlis axali kodeqsi, rom- 

lis mixedviTac erTi da imave danaSaulisaTvis mus- 

limi da qristiani mosaxleoba kanonis winaSe erT- 

nairad agebda pasuxs. Zveli osmaluri samarTlis 

sistemis mixedviT, saxelmwifoSi mosaxleoba religi- 

uri kuTvnilebis Sesabamisad religiuri Temis kano- 

nis mixedviT isjeboda. amitom axali kodeqsi winga- 

dadgmuli nabiji iyo kanonis winaSe qveynis mosax- 

leobis ufleba-movaleobebSi gaTanabrebis Tval- 

sazrisiT. 

1926 wlis 3 martidan miRebuli arbitraJis kano- 

nis mixedviT sasamarTlom moipova damoukidebloba, 

riTac mosamarTleze zemdgomi organoebis zewola 

aikrZala. 

88

1926 wlis maisSi germaniisa da italiis kanonebze 

dayrdnobiT momzadebuli iqna axali kanoni “vaWro- 

bis Sesaxeb,” romelic ori nawilisagan Sedgeboda: 

saxmeleTo da sazRvao vaWrobis kanoni. romelic 1926 

wlis 29 maiss iqna miRebuli [34.53]. 

1928 wlis 8 maiss miRebuli iqna kanoni sesxis 

Sesaxeb. romelmac garkveulwilad moawesriga vaWro- 

baSi valisa da sesxis sakiTxi da safuZveli Seuqmna 

or mxares Soris vaWrobis eTikuri normebis dacvas 

[34.57]. 

Sveicariuli kanonis safuZvelze momzadebuli 

iqna kanoni administraciuli sasamarTlosa da ga- 

kotrebis Sesaxeb, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1929 wlis 

24 aprils. cota mogvianebiT, 1932 wels, am kanonSi 

Setanili iqna cvlilebebi arsebuli xarvezebis aR- 

mosafxvrelad[58.72.]. 

sawyis etapze, sazogadoebis deislamizaciis miz- 

niT, mniSvnelovani RonisZieba iyo evropuli tan- 

sacmlis SemoReba. 

1925 wlis 25 noembers parlamentma miiRo kanoni 

fesebis akrZalvis da aucileblad evropuli qudebis 

tarebis Sesaxeb.AaikrZala osmalebisTvis dama- 

xasiaTebeli qudebis, fafaxebisa da fesebis tareba 

da maT nacvlad SemoiRes evropuli qudebi. saxel- 

mwifo moxeleebi valdebuli iyvnen sazogadoebriv 

adgilebSi yofiliyvnen evropulad Cacmuli, erTma- 

neTs misalmebodnen evropuli wesiT da sxva. 

89

dadgenileba agreTve ukrZalavda sasuliero tan- 

sacmlis tarebas im pirebs, romlebic aRar iyvnen 

kultis msaxurni. 

mustafa qemali qveynis raionebSi mogzaurobis 

dros evropulad iyo Cacmuli da amiT sxvebs aZlev- 

da magaliTs. 

1925 wlis 30 noembers parlamentma miiRo kanoni, 

romliTac gauqmda religiuri devriSuli ordenebi. 

adre isini did rols TamaSobdnen TurqeTis saSinao 

cxovrebaSi da maTi ricxvi mniSvnelovani iyo. 

yoveli seqtis saTaveSi Seixi idga. mas brmad emorCi- 

leboda derviSTa masa. sargeblobdnen ra calkeuli 

pirebis fanatizmiT Seixebma moipoves didi gavlena. 

gansakuTrebiT Soreul raionebSi, sadac centraluri 

xelisuflebis gavlena susti iyo. amasTan erTad 

likvidirebuli iqna devriSebis TavSeyrisa da Tayva- 

niscemis adgilebi[35.108]. 

samarTlebiv sferoSi reformebis gatarebamde 1925 

wlis 26 marts miRebul iqna kanoni TurqeTSi 

evropuli kalendrisa da drois sistemis SemoRebis 

Sesaxeb, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1926 wlis 1 ianv- 

ridan. gauqmda adre arsebuli hijrisa da berZnuli 

kalendari, ramac xeli Seuwyo evropul sazogadoe- 

basTan TurqeTis Semdgom integracias. am Tvalsaz- 

risiT Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo 1929 wlis 26 marts 

gamocemuli metrologiuri kanoni wonis erTeulis 

mowesrigebisaTvis. mTeli TurqeTis maStabiT SemoRe- 

buli iqna erTiani zomisa da wonis erTeuli, ramac 

90

kidev ufro gaadvila vaWrobis saqme rogorc qveynis 

SigniT, aseve mis farglebs gareT. 

TurqeTis respublikis sekularizaciis saqmeSi 

didi mniSvneloba hqonda dasvenebis dReebisa da 

erovnuli dResaswaulebis dadgenas. am mizniT 1929 

wlis 27 maiss TurqeTis parlamentma miiRo kanoni, 

romliTac dadgenili iqna erovnuli dResaswaulis 

dReebi. kviris bolo dRed TurqeTSi muslimebisaT- 

vis paraskevi iTvleboda, ebraelebisaTvis SabaTi, 

xolo qristianebisaTvis ki kvira. radgan es dasav- 

leTis qveynebTan urTierTobaSi erTgvar dabrkole- 

bas qmnida. axali kanoniT dasvenebis dRed kvira 

iqna gamocxadebuli[22.73]. 

1928 wels TurqeTis didma erovnulma krebam 

konstituciidan amoiRo fraza ”TurqeTis saxelmwi- 

fo religia islamia.” amgvrad religia sabolood 

gamoeyo saxelmwifos. am faqts udidesi mniSvneloba 

aqvs, radgan TurqeTi dRemde erTad erTi muslimuri 

saxelmwifoa, sadac religia gamoyofilia saxel- 

mwifosagan[36.9]. 

religiis gamoyofa saxelmwifosagan ar niSnavda 

imas, rom qemalistebma daiwyes brZola mrwamsis 

winaaRmdeg. TurqeTis mTavroba cdilobda religiis 

gamoyenebas axali saxelmwifos interesebisaTvis. 

1929 wlidan TurqeTSi ZalaSi Sevida kanoni 

”TurqeTis moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb,” romelmac sabol 

ood bolo mouRo kapitulaciebis normebs TurqeTis 

kanonmdeblobaSi. 

91

qemalistebma gansakuTrebiT didi yuradReba 

dauTmes ganaTlebis gardaqmnas. 1924 wlis martSi 

TurqeTis didma erovnulma krebam miiRo kanoni er- 

Tiani swavlebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb. 

uaRresad didi mniSvneloba hqonda anbanis re- 

formas. arsebuli anbani didad aferxebda mosax- 

leobaSi wera-kiTxvisa da swavla-ganaTlebis gavrce- 

lebas. TurqeTSi respublikis gamocxadebamde wera- 

kiTxvis mcodneTa ricxvi sakmaod dabali iyo. sa- 

suliero pirebi did winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen la- 

Tinuri anbanis SemoRebas. 1928 wlis 1 noembers Tur- 

qeTis didma erovnulma krebam miiRo kanoni anbanis 

reformis Sesaxeb, romlis safuZvelze arabuli 

anbani Seicvala laTinuriT. es iyo metad mniSvne- 

lovani RonisZieba, mosaxleobis swavla-ganaTlebisa 

da saerTod, qveynis kulturisa da mecnierebis gan- 

viTarebis saqmeSi. 

axali anbanis swrafad aTvisebis mizniT, 1928 

wlis dekemberSi gaixsna pirveli erovnuli skolebi. 

1929 wlis damdegs TurqeTSi ukve funqcionirebda 

aTasze meti aseTi skola. romlebSic 1928-1929 wlebSi 

wera-kiTxva Seiswavla 500 aTasze metma kacma. aman 

xeli Seuwyo wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa gazrdas da 

mosaxleobis kulturuli donis amaRlebas. 

ganaTlebis Semdgomi srulyofisaTvis TurqeTis 

mTavrobam moiwvia sazRvargareTidan specialistebi, 

romelTa daxmarebiTac SemuSavebul iqna axali sas- 

wavlo programa. erTdroulad miRebul iqna zomebi 

92

pedagogiuri kadrebis mosamzadeblad. 1926 wels an- 

karasa da izmirSi gaixsna pedagogiuri institutebi, 

gaizarda pedagog-maswavlebelTa xelfasebi, ramac 

dadebiTi gavlena moadina profesiuli donis amaR- 

lebasa da socialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaze 

[83.74]. 

oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi (1926-1929) gaixsna asobiT 

axali skola, sadac moswavleTa raodenoba 382 aTa- 

sidan 517 aTasamde gaizarda. 

iseve rogorc aziis sxvadasxva qveynebSi, Tur- 

qeTSic qali yovelgvar uflebebs moklebuli iyo. 

TurqeTSi qalTa emansipacias saTave Mmustafa qemal- 

ma daudo. 

1922 wels berZnebisagan izmiris gaTavisuflebis 

Semdeg, Mmustafa qemalma colad SeirTo mdidari 

vaWris qaliSvili latife. igi sakmaod ganaTlebuli 

iyo. damTavrebuli qonda parizis universiteti, 

icoda ramdenime evropuli ena, kargad erkveoda 

musikaSi, ukravda klasikosebis nawarmoebebs da sxva. 

qorwili qemalma Zveli adaT-wesebiT ar gadai- 

xada. saqorwino ceremoniali Catarda kacebisa da 

qalebis monawileobiT. latife Tavsaburavis gareSe 

iyo, qorwili Catarda fuladi gamosasyidebisa da 

saCuqrebis gareSe. meore dRes Mmustafa qemali 

meuRlesTan erTad ewvia izmiris Teatrs. yovelive 

aman religiur wreebSi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. opo- 

ziciam mejlisSi Seitana SekiTxva Mmustafa qemalis 

qorwilTan dakavSi rebiT. 

93

aTaTurqis rCeviT, latife did muSaobas eweoda 

qalTa sazogadoebaSi Zveli tradiciuli gadmonaS- 

Tebis likvidaciis mizniT. yvelgan, maT Soris mej- 

lisSic, igi Tavsaburavis gareSe dadioda, es metad 

aRizianebda fanatikosebs. magram igi ar aqcevda amas 

yuradRebas da aqtiurad ibrZoda qalTa emansipacii- 

saTvis. 

mustafa qemali didad afasebda im wvlils, rome- 

lic qalebma Seitanes erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel 

moZraobaSi da respublikis gamocxadebis Semdeg 

xels uwyobda maTi uflebebis gaTanasworebas mama- 

kacebTan. 

1926 wels gamocemuli kanoniT qalebma pirvelad 

TurqeTis istoriaSi mamakacebTan erTad miiRes po- 

litikuri uflebebi, saarCevno xmis uflebis gamok- 

lebiT. es iyo pirveli nabiji qalebis emansipaciis 

gzaze. aikrZala mravalcolianoba; Cadris tareba; 18 

wlamde gogonebis gaTxoveba. 1927 wlis kanoniT, qa- 

lebs miecaT ufleba emsaxuraT saxelmwifo dawe- 

sebulebebSi. 

stambolsa da ankaraSi gaixsna qalTa umaRlesi 

pedagogiuri institutebi; saswavleblebi da liceu- 

mebi; 1928 wels gaixsna pirveli qalTa skola, musika- 

luri da fizikuri aRzrdis pedagogebis mosamza- 

deblad. 

30-ian wlebSi konstituciaSi Seitanes cvlil 

ebebi, romliTac qalebs mieniWaT ufleba monawil 

eoba mieRoT municipalur da mejlisis arCevnebSi. 

94

amrigad, qalebma miiRes mamakacebTan Tanasworad 

monawileobis ufleba qveynis sazogadoebriv, kul- 

turul da politikur cxovrebaSi. ”qemalistebi 

aRmoCndnen evropelebze progresulebi qalebisaTvis 

uflebebis miniWebis saqmeSi.” 

1934 wels TurqeTis parlamentma miiRo gvaris 

kanonmdebloba (winaT Turqebi atarebdnen mxolod 

saxelsa da mamis saxels an metsaxels). romliTac 

gauqmda titulebi da mimarTvis Zveli formebi: faSa; 

bei; effendi da sxva. Mmustafa qemals gvarad uboZes 

aTaTurqi (”Turqebis mama”), ismeT faSam ki inonou 

(inonu soflis saxelwodebaa, sadac man moipova 

gamarjveba berZnebze)[37.64]. 

mustafa qemalis iniciativiTa da finansuri dax- 

marebiT 1929-1930 wlebSi daarsda TurqeTis saisto- 

rio da lingvisturi sazogadoebebi. am sazogadoe- 

bebma didi roli Seasrules qveynis kulturisa da 

humanitaruli mecnierebebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. 

30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saxelmwifos daxmare- 

biT gaixsna muzeumebi. romlebmac qveynis kulturis 

propagandis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules.. 

garkveuli nabijebi gadaidga sabiblioTeko saqmis 

gaumjobesebis, musikaluri da Teatraluri xelov- 

nebis ganviTarebisaTvis.AankaraSi, stambolsa da iz- 

mirSi gaixsna saxelmwifo Teatraluri, mxatruli da 

musikaluri skolebi. 

mTavrobam miiRo garkveuli zomebi sportis cent- 

ralizaciis mizniT. daarsda sportuli sazogadoe- 

95

ebi, klubebi. 1924 wels TurqeTma pirvelad monawi- 

leoba miiRo olimpiur TamaSebSi. 

qveyanaSi mospes ra Zveli sazogadoebis safuZve- 

li, SariaTis normebi, arabuli anbani, religiuri 

skolebi, Zveli ganaTlebis sitema, qemalistebma moax- 

dines gadatrialeba TurqeTis sazogadoebriv da 

kulturul cxovrebaSi. romelic SeiZleba Sefasdes, 

rogorc kulturuli revolucia. 

1927 wlis 15-20 oqtombers Catarda ”saxalxo- 

respublikuri partiis” II yriloba, romelzec 37 saa- 

Tiani sityviT gamovidaMmustafa qemali. man Seajama 

1919-1927 wlebSi qveyanaSi momxdari istoriuli mniSv- 

nelobis movlenebi da dasaxa qveynis Semdgomi 

ganviTarebis gzebi[32.87]. 

amrigad, aTaTurqis xelmZRvanelobiT qemal isteb- 

ma gaatares evropuli reformebi samarTlis, socia- 

luri, sazogdebrivi, kulturisa da ganaTle bis 

sferoSi. am reformebma xeli Seuwyves TurqeTSi 

saero sisitemis Camoyalibebasa da ganiviTarebas. 

qemalizmis reformebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, ro- 

gorc win gadadgmuli nabiji qveynis sekulari za- 

ciisa da winsvlis gzaze. reformebma didi gamoZaxi- 

li hpoves maSindel msoflioSi da saxeli mouxveWes 

mustafa qemals, rogorc progresul moRvawes. re- 

formebis Sedegad TurqeTi daadga evropuli gan- 

viTarebis gzas[32.78.]. 

mustafa qemalis Sexedulebebidan da qemalis 

turi principebis dadgenidan 86 weli gavida. am 

96

drois manZilze mis Sesaxeb bevri ram daiwera da 

Tqmula. warmodgenebi am sakiTxis mimarT gamomdina- 

reobda istoriuli warsuliTa da saxelmwifo ideo- 

logiis im formiT, rasac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi 

adgili hqonda qveynis cxovrebaSi, romelsac unda 

daecva siwmindisa da sarwmunoebis Tavisufleba 

respublikur TurqeTSi. 

97

daskvna askvna askvna 

amgvarad, pirvel msoflio omSi osmaleTis da- 

marcxebam, antantis qveynebs Soris dRis wesrigSi 

daayena misi danawilebis sakiTxi. sulTnis mTavroba, 

imisaTvis, rom xelisufleba SeenarCunebina, iZulebu- 

li gaxda Tanxmoba ganecxadebina kabalur sazavo 

xelSekrulebebze. 

didi saxelmwifoebis dapirispirebis fonze Tur- 

qeTSi mustafa qemalis meTaurobiT, 1918-1923w.w. mimdi- 

nareobda erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraoba, 

romelmac qveyanaSi qemalizmis saxelwodeba miiRo. 

qemalisturi epoqis yvelaze mniSvnelovani diplo- 

matiuri movlena iyo lozanis konferencia, romelic 

xelmoweril iqna 1923 wlis 24 ivliss TurqeTsa da 

mokavSire saxelmwifoebs Soris. swored am SeTanx- 

mebam daudo safuZveli axali saxelmwifos – Tur- 

qeTis respublikis Seqmnas. Tu nacionalurma moZrao- 

bam mustafa qemalis meTaurobiT miiRo Turqi xalxis 

nacionaluri istoriis dawyebis saxelwodeba, maSin 

lozanis xelSekruleba, SeiZleba CaiTvalos TurqeT- 

Si ekonomikuri istoriis dasawyisad. lozanis xel- 

Sekruleba warmoadgens istoriis gamoZaxils ara 

marto TurqeTisaTvis, aramed yvela koloniuri da 

naxevradkoloniuri aRmosavluri qveynebisaTvis. 

TurqeTi gamarjvebulis rangSi araerTxel gamo- 

sula. Tumca, lozanamde is arasodes gadaqceula 

aRmosavleTisaTvis istoriis magaliTad. am aziurma 

98

saxelmwifom moaxerxa ara marto moego brZola 

imperialistur saxelmwifoebTan, aramed aiZula isini 

eRiarebinaT TavianTi damarcxeba. 

qemalizmis principebma - aTaTurqis azriT 

”revolucias Rirseuli saxe misca, romlebic gaxda 

safuZvliani da sistemuri debulebebi.” yoveli maT- 

gani sruliad damoukidebelia da exeba qveynis eko- 

nomikuri da politikuri cxovrebis calkeul dargs. 

amave dros es debulebebi erTmaneTisagan gamom- 

dinareoben, erTmaneTs eTanxmebian, amitomac maTi 

safuZvliani gaazreba da gagebaa saWiro. isini Turqi 

xalxisaTvis Tanamedrove cxovrebis uzrunvelyofis 

mTavari pirincipebia. 

qemalistebma qveyanaSi gaatares evropuli refor- 

mebi: samarTlis; socialur; sazogdebriv; kulturisa 

da ganaTlebis sferoSi. romlebmac xeli Seuwyves 

TurqeTSi saero, saxelmwifoebrivi politikuri si- 

sitemis Camoyalibebas da ganviTarebas. 

mustafa qemal aTaTurqma qemalisturi revolu 

ciuri cvlilebebis gziT, TurqeTSi Seqmna evrop 

uli kanonmdebloba da humanizmis principebi. 

evropuli qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, aq adgili 

qonda istoriuli ganviTarebis winswrebas.Qqemaliz- 

mis reformebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc winga- 

dadgmuli nabiji qveynis sekularizaciisa da winsv- 

lis saqmeSi. romelmac didi gamoZaxili hpoves maSin- 

del msoflioSi da saxeli mouxveWes mustafa qe- 

mals, rogorc progresul moRvawes. 

99

qemalisturi revolucia TaviseburebebiT xasiaT- 

deboda. moZraobas ar hqonia aseTi Tanmimdevroba - 

jer revoluciuri Teoria, Semdeg revolucia. Tur- 

qeTSi moxda piriqiT - jer revolucia da mxolod 

Semdeg, revoluciis msvlelobaSi Seiqmna qemalizmi. 

sulTnis xelisuflebis damxobisa da respub 

likis gamocxadebis periodSi mustafa qemalma didi 

diplomatiuri niWi da politikuri alRo gamoamJ- 

Ravna. 

TurqeTis uaxles istoriaSi Mmustafa qemals 

udidesi wvlili miuZRvis. aTaTurqis fenomeni imaSi 

mdgomareobs, rom igi erTdroulad iyo samxedroc, 

religiis damcvelic, saxelmwifo moRvawec, revol 

ucioneric da reformatoric.... mis mier gatarebuli 

qemalizmis principebis Sedegad TurqeTi gadaiqca 

revoluciur, nacionalur, xalxosnur, etatistur, 

laicistur da respublikur saxelmwifod. 

respublikis gamocxadebis SedarebiT mokle 

istoriul periodSi, islamuri religiis statusTan 

dakavSirebiT situacia qveyanaSi mniSvnelovnad 

Seicvala. 

1928 wels aTaTurqis ZalisxmeviT TurqeTis kons- 

tituciaSi dafiqsirda religiis gamoyofa saxelmwi- 

fosagan. 

1937 wlis axalma kanonma uzrunvelyo laicizmis 

principis sruli realizireba. 

mustafa qemal aTaTurqis gardacvelebis Semdeg 

(1938 wlis 10 noemberi), misma pirovnebam SeinarCuna 

100

erT-erTi didi reformatorisa da progresulad 

moazrovne adamianis saxeli da qveynis istoriaSi 

misi saqmeebi oqros asoebiT Caiwera.Aamis damadastu- 

rebelia is faqtic, rom Turqma erma aTaTurqs dau- 

fasa misi Rvawli da ukvdavsayofis niSnad ankaraSi 

augo mavzoleumi. 

mustafa qemalis Sexedulebebidan da qemalisturi 

principebis dadgenidan 86 weli gavida. am xnis 

manZilze am sakiTxis mimarT bevri ram daiwera da 

Tqmula da mjera, rom momavalSic kidev bevri iTq- 

meba da daiwereba, radgan Cemi azriT, aTaTurqis da 

qemalizmis fenomeni Tanamedrove TurqeTis saSinao 

politikis erT-erTi aqtualuri da saintereso 

sakiTxia. 

101

Emzar Makaradze 

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’ün Rolü 

Sunuş 

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti jeostratejik konumundan, tarihinden ve 

bugünkü durumundan dolayı büyük bir devlettir. Türkiye, son 

dönemde ekonomisini çok geliştirildi. O yüzden 21. yüzyılda Türkiye 

güçlü olacaktır. 

Elinizdeki çalışmada Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurucusu Mustafa 

Kemal Atatürk’ün 1918-1923 yıllarında Kurtuluş Savaşındaki rolünü, 

Türkiye’nin devlet yapısını, Atatürk ilkelerini ve diğer konuları 

anlatmaya çalıştık. Bütün bınlar çağdaş Türk Devleti’nin temelidir. 

Türk Devleti’nin ana prensipleri büyük reformcu Kemal Atatürk’ün 

ilkelerine dayanmakta ve adı Kemalizm yani Atatürkçülüktür. 

Bu prensibi doğru bir şekilde algılanmadan çağdaş Türkiye’deki 

durumu anlamak zor olur. 

Böylece amacımız Cumhuriyet’in kurulmasında Musfata Kemal 

Atatürk’ün rolünü en iyi şekilde göstermesidir. 

102

Emzar Makaradze 

The role of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk in Republican Turkey 

Summery 

The republican Turkey is a big country with its geostrategic 

location, historical past, and present day. Turkey has so developed its 

own economy for the last decades that the statement “Turkey will 

enter in the 21st century as one of the developed country’’ isn’t devoid 

of seriousness. 

In the present work we tried to present the role of Mustafa Kemal 

Ataturk, the founder of the Republican Turkey, in liberation 

movement in 1918-1923.The state system of Turkey; the political 

orientation of Turkey; the principles of Kemalism and other issues. 

This paved was for t to create formation of political system in modern 

Turkey. 

The official doctrine of the state political Republic of Turkey is 

based on the principles of the founder of the Republic, the great 

reformer, Kemal Ataturk and is known as Kemalism. It is impossible 

to perceive objectively current processes in modern Turkey without 

understanding these correctly. 

In that way, we made it our aim to summarize and present the 

work in which the role of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk in the formation of 

Republican Turkey would be clearly represented. 

103

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Sinaarsi 

Sinaarsi 

Sesavali 5 

Tavi I. mustafa qemal aTaTurqis roli 

ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi 10 

$I. politikuri viTareba TurqeTSi pirveli 

msoflio omis Semdeg 10 

$II. mustafa qemal aTaTurqi da ganmaTavisuflebeli 

moZraoba 14 

Tavi II. aTaTurqi da qemalizmis principebi 37 

$I. respublikanizmi 38 

$II. laicizmi 40 

$III. nacionalizmi 51 

$IV. xalxosnoba 59 

$V. etatizmi 62 

$VI. revolucionizmi 69 

Tavi III. mustafa qemal aTaTurqis reformebi 86 

daskvna 99 

reziume (Turqul enaze) 103 

reziume (inglisur enaze) 104 

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura 105 

109

gamomcemlobis direqtori _ nana xaxutaiSvili 

gamomcemlobis redaqtori _ lali konceliZe 

teqnikuri redaqtori _ eduard ananiZe 

xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 17.06.2009 

qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16 

fizikuri Tabaxi 8.2 

tiraJi 100 

fasi saxelSekrulebo 

daibeWda universitetis stambaSi 

q. baTumi, ninoSvilis 35 

110

mustafa qemal aTaTurqis roli respublikur TurqeTSi

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