5.Riacutizzazioni delle BPCO - Clinica malattie apparato respiratorio
5.Riacutizzazioni delle BPCO - Clinica malattie apparato respiratorio
5.Riacutizzazioni delle BPCO - Clinica malattie apparato respiratorio
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5. RIACUTIZZAZIONI DELLE <strong>BPCO</strong><br />
Citochine<br />
proinfiammatorie<br />
(IL-1β, TNF-α)<br />
Proteinchinasi attivata<br />
(PAF, ET-1)<br />
Virus<br />
(rinovirus)<br />
Ossidanti<br />
(O 3, NO 2, O 2)<br />
ROS<br />
AP-1<br />
IkB<br />
NFkB<br />
mRNA<br />
TNF-α, IL-1β<br />
Proteine<br />
infiammatorie<br />
Citochine<br />
TNF-α, IL-1β,<br />
IL-6, GM-CSF,<br />
IL-4,IL-5<br />
Chemochine<br />
IL-8, RANTES,<br />
MIP-1α, MCP-1<br />
Enzimi<br />
INOS, COX-2,<br />
cPLA2<br />
Molecole d’adesione<br />
ICAM-1, VCAM-1,<br />
E-selettina<br />
Figura 5.2<br />
Attivazione dei fattori da parte di vari segnali infiammatori (modificata da Barnes PJ, et al: Eur Resp J 1998; 12:221-234).<br />
7. Donner CF on behalf of the ORION Board: Infectious<br />
exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Monaldi<br />
Arch Chest Dis 1999; 54:143-148.<br />
8. Seemungal T, Harper-Owen R, Bhowmik A et al:<br />
Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory<br />
markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic<br />
obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit<br />
Care Med 2001; 164:1618-1623.<br />
9. Zalacain R, Sobradillo V, Amilibia J et al: Predisposing<br />
factors to bacterial colonization in chronic obstructive<br />
pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1999;<br />
13:233-235.<br />
10. Soler N,Torres A, Ewig S et al: Bronchial microbial<br />
patterns in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive<br />
pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical<br />
ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med<br />
1998; 157:1498-1505.<br />
11. Sethi S, Muscarella K, Evans N et al: Airway inflammation<br />
and etiology of acute exacerbations of<br />
chronic bronchitis. Chest 2000; 118:1557-1565.<br />
93