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1.1<br />
atomis planetaruli modeli<br />
daakvirdiT 6.1 suraTs.<br />
1. ra informacias iRebT suraTidan<br />
2. romeli α nawilaki miuaxlovda<br />
oqros atomi s birTvs yvelaze metad<br />
3. romeli α nawilakis moZraobis traeqtoriaa<br />
yvelaze metad gamrudebuli<br />
α<br />
α<br />
α<br />
I<br />
II<br />
III<br />
atomis<br />
birTvi<br />
sur. 6.1. atomis birTvidan<br />
sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebuli<br />
α nawilakebis moZraobis<br />
traeqtoriebi.<br />
rezerfordis cdaSi iSviaTad, magram mainc, SeamCnies iseTi SemTxvevebic,<br />
rodesac calkeuli α-nawilakebis gabnevis kuTxe marT kuTxes aRemateboda.<br />
rezerfordisTvis eqsperimentebiT miRebuli Sedegi moulodneli aRmoCnda.<br />
`es TiTqmis iseve warmoudgenelia, _ ambobda rezerfordi, _ rogorc<br />
is, rom esroloT 15 duimiani yumbara Txeli<br />
duimi _ sigrZis erqaRaldis<br />
furcels, yumbara ki dabrundes ukan da<br />
mogayenoT dartyma~.<br />
Teuli. 1 duimi=25,40 mm.<br />
rogor SeiZleba eqsperimentiT miRebuli<br />
Sedegebis axsna<br />
Tu CavTvliT, rom atomSi dadebiTi muxti ganawilebulia ise, rogorc<br />
tomsoni varaudobda, maSin am Sedegis winaswarmetyveleba SeuZlebeli iyo.<br />
dadebiTi muxtis aseTi ganawilebis dros SeuZlebelia Seiqmnas sakmarisad<br />
Zlieri eleqtruli veli, romelsac SeeZleba α-nawilakis ukugdeba. marTlac,<br />
radgan Tanabrad damuxtuli birTvis eleqtruli velis daZabuloba<br />
ganisazRvreba E = k R<br />
q2 formuliT, rac naklebia misi radiusi miT ufro<br />
Zlieria eleqtruli veli mis zedapirTan da miT metia α nawilakis ganzidvis<br />
Zala.<br />
rezerfordi mixvda, rom α nawilakis ukugdeba SeiZleba mxolod im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Tu atomis dadebiTi muxti da masa moTavsebulia sivrcis<br />
Zalian mcire areSi.<br />
sxvadasxva kuTxiT gabneuli α-nawilakebis daTvliT rezerfordma SeZlo<br />
birTvis zomebis Sefaseba. misi gaangariSebiT birTvis diametri 10 -14 -10 -15<br />
m rigisaa (sxvadasxva birTvs sxvadasxva diametri aqvs). TviT atomis zoma<br />
10 -10 m, 10-100 aTasjer aRemateba birTvis zomas. ase mivida rezerfordi<br />
atomis birTvis (mcire zomis sxeulis, romelSic koncentrirebulia atomis<br />
TiTqmis mTeli masa da mTeli dadebiTi muxti) arsebobis ideamde.<br />
SemdgomSi moxerxda birTvis muxtis gansazRvrac. Tu eleqtronis muxts<br />
erTeulad miviRebT, maSin birTvis muxti tolia mocemuli qimiuri elementis<br />
rigiTi nomrisa mendeleevis periodul sistemaSi.<br />
<br />
4. rogor ganvsazRvroT atomSi eleqtronebis raodenoba<br />
6
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