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268 G. Einar Du R·ietzBERRY (1937) disenssed the same problem in connection with his rev1s10n ofLate Cretaceous plants from Cerro Baguales in Patagonia, which had been referredby KURTZ (1902), partly incorrectly, to boreal genera:>>lt does not mean that there was not an avenue of land communication between Northand South America at some lime dm·ing the Upper Cretaceous. This is as clear as ever, andthe Cerro Baguales flora is distinctly related to, and seems to have been derived from thenorthern hemisphere, as is also true of the Faleocene and Eocene floras of Patagonia.>(BERRY, 1937, p. 22.)In another paper BERRY (1938, p. 41) referred to VON IHERING's BurckhardtLand in the following words:>>One has to be familiar with the history of opinion to know that this was so narnedbecause it was Burckhardt who first showed that each of the Andean geosynclines had acontinental border on its west side - a geologic fact now thoroughly established and wellillustrated in the paleogeographic maps in the work cited above (BERRY 1922).>>SKOTTSBERG (1914, 1925 a, 1931 b, 1934 c, 1936 a, 1937 b) has given overwhelmingevidence for the assumption that the Juan Fernandez and Desventuradas.Islands are the last remains of a continental extension of South America to thewest of Chile:>>L'extension de la cote ouest de l'Amerique du sud depend des Andes. Les fasses profondesle Iong de la cöte paraissent indiquer des lignes de rupture. En dehors des fosses.court un dos ou la profondeur de l'eau n'atteint pas 2,000 metres. Sur ce dos se trouventles iles Juan Fernandez, San Felix et San Ambrosia, et sa continuation vers le nord futeonstaMe recemment par l' expedition 'Carnegie'. Sans violenter l'hypothese de la constancedes continents et oceans on pourrait supposer une terre tertiaire, probablement unie avecle Chili mais isolee et immergee pendant !'evolution des Andes et de la nouvelle lignes dela cöte americaine. Sur cette terre les iles ont ete formees par action volcanique, et ellesont conserve les derniers restes d'une flore et faune anciennes . . . >> (SKOTTSBERG 1934 c,pp. 276-277.)The obvious relationship between the flora of Juan Fernandez and that ofN e w Zealand and other East Pacific land areas, demonstrated by SKOTTSBERGin many papers, is explained by him as the result of an old land connection viathe Antarctic continent. The J\iagellanic element discovered by SKOTTSBERG onthe summit plateau of Masafuera (SKOTTSBERG 1914, 1925 b, etc.), is explainedby transoceanic Pleistocene immigration:>>Quant aux especes magellaniques de Masafuera, c'est a la main de presumer qu'elles.aient immigre pendant l'epoque glaciaire, quand cette flore avait une distribution plusboreale au Chili qu'aujourd'hui, ce qui est indique par les colonies de plantes magellaniquesde la Cordillera Pelada>>. (SKOTTSBERG 1934, p. 277, cf. also 1914, p. 50, 1925 b, pp. 94-95,.1931 b, p. 789.)This hypothesis should be viewed in connection with the fact that SKOTTS­BERG (1916) adopted the theory of Pleistocene migration along the Andes as anexplanation of bipolar distribution of species (cf. above p. 258). The objections tothis theory presented above may be applied also to the hypothesis of Pleistoceneimmigration of Magellanie plants to Masafuera. Furthermore, SKOTTSBERG's ob-