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The Ethnobotany 513
co:yihiskopóskî [tcoihiçkopoçki] (Mikasuki; cognate
to Creek cule, pine, esse, leaf, lopockuce,
little)
pitch pine (called ‘‘P. rigida,’’ which is not in
Florida; the trees were ‘‘low, poor timbered tree,
but produces turpentine and tar,’’ which seems
best to describe this species, cf. Williams [1837]
1962)
sand [scrub] pine
Pinus echinata (spiny)
ácuwe [etcuwe’, ícuwe] (Catawba)
choyyihissi hobaski (choyyi, pine, hissi, hair
[needle], hobaski, short, Alabama); coyyí acakí
(coyyí, pine, acakí, dwarf, Koasati)
[long-tag, shortleaf, short-leaf, yellow] pine
taklaha (tiak, pine, lakna, yellow, Choctaw)
teetpa hitcuwe’ (chewed pine, the resin, Catawba;
also applied to P. palustris)
Pinus elliottii (commemorates Stephen Elliott,
1771 /1830, professor in Charleston who published
a flora of South Carolina and Georgia in
the 1820s)
chooye enlepaatooche, chooye ebeele (pine branch
tips, Mikasuki)
chooye [co:yí] (Mikasuki); cule [colí, chuli]
(Creek); tcuyi (Alabama)
cule emohlowakuce (cule, pine, em, its, elvcce,
branch, Creek)
este lopockuce or este-lopocke emeto (‘‘where the
little people live’’; from este, person, lopockuce,
small, em, its, eto, tree, Creek)
nat’tsi (Cherokee)
slash pine (Florida)
yaat-hoboske emahe (where the little people live,
Mikasuki)
Pinus glabra (smooth)
spruce pine (Florida)
Pinus palustris (of swamps, a misnomer)
atcuwe nu’re (pine fat [rich], Catawba); ansudi’
[ansûdi’] (generic for pine or P. palustris, Biloxi);
ansudi’ nitan’xti (Biloxi)
choyyihissi hobaski (choyyi, pine, hissi, hair [needle],
hobaski, long, Alabama)
choyyinaani (choyyi, pine, naani, male, Alabama);
coyyí ná:ni (coyyí, pine, ná:ni, male, Koasati)
longleaf pine (southeastern United States)
ne’c mañ ne’c (ne’c, tree, mañ, long, ne’c, tree,
Atakapa)
tiak fanya (tiak, pine, fani, squirrel, Choctaw);
tiak hobak (tiak, pine, holba, resembling, Choctaw)
yellow pine (once the ‘‘principal timber, used for
plank and scantling in the southern states; and
also produces turpentine and tar,’’ Williams
[1837] 1962; is this a translation of the Koasati
coyyilá:na, coyyí, pine, lá:na, yellow?)
Pinus serotina (late, alluding to the cones typically
not opening until burned)
many cored pine (Williams [1837] 1962)
[marsh, pond] pine
Pinus taeda (Latin for torch; ancient name for a
resinous pine)
choyyihoba (choyyi, pine, hoba, castrated, Alabama)
coyyí ná:ni (coyyí, pine, ná:ni, male, Koasati)
loblolly pine (‘‘has much sap,’’ Williams [1837]
1962)
oldfield pine (the plants quickly re-seed and sprout
in old agricultural areas)
Pines are among the most widely used of plants
throughout their range (Standley 1920 /1926, Moerman
1998). Many pines have been employed in North
American medicines, e.g., Pinus palustris and P. rigida
have stimulant, laxative, diuretic, pectoral, vermifuge,
discutient, antiherpetic, detergent, baslasic, and vulnerary
properties (Vogel 1970). Pine tar was in the U.S.
Pharmacopoeia between 1820 and 1950 and has been
in the National Formulary from 1950 to the present; it
is considered an antibacterial, irritant, parasiticide,
and expectorant.
The earliest records of pines being used in Florida
were among the Glades people (Gilliland 1975, Hogan
1978, Austin 1980). Wood is the best-known product,
although there are numerous other uses by people
(Hamel and Chiltoskey 1975, Austin and Smith 1997).
The inner bark and roasted seeds were eaten as famine
food. Needles were cooked or eaten raw. Resin was an
effective salve alone or as a medicine base, and teas
from leaves were expectorants, antidiarrheics, and
vermifuges. Lighter pine (the resinous heartwood)
has long been used as fuel.
The Creeks used the wood for beams, ball poles,
houses, torches, bighouse seats, baskets, and religious
scarification (Swanton 1928a). The Seminoles continued
those practices (Sturtevant 1955). In addition, the
Seminoles formerly used the resin as arrow point glue
and extracts of bark for tanning. When Sturtevant
(1955) worked with the Miccosukee, they were using