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Megan Pickup | Challenging the WTO and TRIPS ARV treatments underscores the importance of “issue” and “actor” characteristics, as well as political engagement at various levels 42 . As we will see, South Africa’s decision to extend free and universal treatment to its citizens involved a substantial shift in how access was perceived that seems highly unlikely without its particular “issue characteristics” 43 . The government’s decision is evidence of a dramatic shift in perception from ARVs as private goods (which are accessible through the market), to what can be called “global merit goods” or “entitlements”, which, based on moral underpinnings, imply that certain goods should be available to everyone that needs them 44 . As Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink (1998) explain, examining issue characteristics is a way to uncover how particular networks have been able to influence change 45 . Beyond what the issue is, it must also be framed in such a way that those hearing the message will be convinced that the issue requires change (it is neither normal nor natural), and that change is possible 46 . Changing perceptions so that access to ARVs was considered a right is a stark departure from the prevailing logic of our global system, namely that the market should be left to provide for our needs 47 . 42 Keck and Sikkink, 27. 43 Ibid. 44 Kapstein and Busby, 75. 45 27. 46 Smith, 19. 47 Kapstein and Busby (78-79) similarly discuss what a puzzling development universal access represents, given for instance that such treatment is not available in many so-called “developed” countries, or, that in the Global North, those impacted by HIV/AIDS have been predominately marginalized communities. Glob.Idealization |138
139 | Mond.Idéalisation Megan Pickup | Challenging the WTO and TRIPS Moreover, Keck and Sikkink, in evaluating the successes and limitations of different advocacy networks, have conceptualized ideal issue characteristics that align with mobilizing for affordable HIV/AIDS treatments. These ideal issue characteristics are those which facilitate advocacy given they are easier to frame, as problems “…whose causes can be assigned to the deliberate (intentional) actions of identifiable individuals…” through a clear, causal chain 48 ; one issue in particular that has been particularly effective for mobilizing individuals is instances involving bodily harm to vulnerable individuals as it seems to transcend specific cultural or political contexts 49 . This fits almost seamlessly with access to HIV/AIDs treatment given the actions and inactions of such actors as pharmaceutical companies had designated ARVs as private goods, causing significant harm – the reduced quality and length of people’s lives - to those who cannot afford them. The issue characteristic was therefore instrumental in supporting civil society’s successes as their framing of the problem and solution held the South African government in a negative light that could have threatened their political legitimacy had they not eventually acquiesced; in other words, “states that have internalized the norms of the human rights regime…resist being characterized as pariahs” 50 . 48 Keck and Sikkink, 27. 49 Keck and Sikkink, 212. This is not to say that there are not significant cultural, class, or other tensions that are evident within campaigns. I will explore this when examining the TAC as a democratic globalizer. 50 Keck and Sikkink, 118.
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GLOB.IDEALIZATION FALL / AUTOMNE 20
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FORWARD This second issue of the Ca
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REMERCIEMENTS | ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS La
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TABLE DES MATIÈRES | TABLE OF CONT
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Dan Herman | Polity Without Demos I
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The sum of its moving parts Dan Her
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Conclusion Dan Herman | Polity With
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Dan Herman | Polity Without Demos G
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Phoebe Stephens | Equity Norms in G
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