Forensic Pathology for Police - Brainshare Public Online Library

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26 2 Introduction to Forensic Sciences analysis, or voice analysis. Board certification within this forensic discipline is available through the American Board of Forensic Document Examiners (ABFDE). Fingerprint Evidence Ever since fingerprints were discovered as a valuable means for identifying people, the discipline has been an important part of police and forensic investigations. Fingerprints represent unique patterns of the ridges on the pads of the fingers (including the thumbs). The ridges occur in the epidermis (the part of the skin closest to the surface) but extend into the dermis (the deeper part of the skin). Barring changes related to scar formation, which can obliterate portions of a fingerprint, fingerprints remain the same throughout an individual’s life. The presumption, which has essentially been proven by decades of experience and casework, is that each individual has their own unique set of fingerprints. No two fingerprints have ever been found to be exactly identical even between identical twins. Therefore, a fingerprint represents a specific, individual characteristic of a particular person. Fingerprint examiners rely on various class characteristics (loops, whorls, and arches) as well as individual characteristics (“ridge characteristics” or “minutiae”) of fingerprints in their examinations. An evidence fingerprint (such as a “latent” or invisible fingerprint) at a crime scene can be matched to a known print in a database. A variety of methods are used to collect and preserve evidence fingerprints. Several automated fingerprint identification systems (AFIS) are available: these are computerized databases of fingerprints that are on-file within various law enforcement agencies. For forensic pathologists, fingerprint comparison can be extremely useful in identifying an unknown corpse. In many offices, it is a standard operating procedure to create a fingerprint record of all bodies (Fig. 2.9). Certification of fingerprint analysts can be obtained via the International Association for Identification. Fig. 2.9 A fingerprint card collected from a body in the morgue
Forensic Science Disciplines 27 Serology/DNA Blood and other bodily fluids can be transferred from one person to another, or identified at crime scenes. Forensic serologists can perform tests to determine if a suspicious fluid or stain is saliva, semen or blood. Tests are available to determine if the evidence, such as blood, is of human origin. Once it is identified as human, then DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) testing can be attempted. Forensic DNA testing is sometimes referred to as “DNA fingerprinting.” With the exception of identical twins, no two individuals’ DNA is exactly alike. Like other comparison tests within the forensic sciences, a standard sample from a suspect is required in order to make a comparison. Alternatively, if a known standard is not available (for example, when an unidentified body is thought to be a particular person, but no standard of that person is available for comparison), then samples from close relatives (parents, siblings) can be used. It is beyond the scope of this text to adequately explain DNA testing, but an attempt will be made to provide the basic concepts. Our genetic information is contained within structures called genes, which are made-up of DNA. Each gene can be considered a template for the production of a specific protein. Proteins are substances that perform all sorts of functions within our bodies; without them, life would be impossible. Our genes are mostly contained within structures called chromosomes, which reside within the nucleus of our cells. A few genes are present within mitochondria, a subcomponent of cells that reside outside of the nucleus within the cytoplasm of our cells. All humans (excluding those with certain genetic abnormalities) have a total of 46 chromosomes within each of their nucleated cells (cells that have a nucleus). It should be mentioned here that most blood cells (normal red blood cells) do not have nuclei, although white blood cells do have nuclei, so the DNA testing performed on blood relies on the DNA contained in the white blood cells. Almost all other cells of the body do have nuclei. The 46 chromosomes are composed of 22 pairs of “autosomes” (numbered 1–22) and a pair of “sex chromosomes.” In females, there are two X chromosomes, while in males, there is a single X chromosome and a single Y chromosome. Each person receives 23 chromosomes (22 autosomes and one sex chromosome) from their mother and 23 chromosomes from their father. Each chromosome has its own complement of genes. For a given gene, its location is always on a specific chromosome at a specific location. We refer to this specific location as the gene’s “locus” (plural: “loci”). In females, each specific gene actually occurs in two places, one on each of the 23 pairs of chromosomes. For males, each gene present on the autosomes (chromosomes 1–22) occurs twice, while the genes occurring on the X and Y chromosomes have only one copy. Genes can have different subtypes. The specific subtypes are referred to as “alleles.” Some genes only have a couple of possible alleles. Others have many possible alleles. The differences in gene alleles are what contribute to the variations that exist amongst individual persons. The gene subtypes are determined by the specific sequence of molecules that make up the genes. A chromosome is a very long double-chain of DNA molecules (a “double helix”) that represents many genes connected to each
Page 2: Forensic Pathology for Police, Deat
Page 5 and 6: Joseph Prahlow Indiana University S
Page 7 and 8: vi Dedication accepted the free gif
Page 9 and 10: viii Foreword quality photographs i
Page 11 and 12: x Acknowledgements Counties, as wel
Page 14 and 15: Contents Part I Introductory Topics
Page 16 and 17: Contents xv Hepatobiliary System .
Page 18 and 19: Contents xvii RespiratorySystem....
Page 20 and 21: Contents xix Mercury ..............
Page 22 and 23: Contents xxi Strangulation . ......
Page 24 and 25: Contents xxiii Negligence/Neglect .
Page 26: About the Author Joseph A. Prahlow,
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 1 Introduction to Pathology
Page 31 and 32: Introduction to Pathology 5 Table 1
Page 33 and 34: Introduction to Pathology 7 Fig. 1.
Page 35 and 36: Introduction to Pathology 9 Fig. 1.
Page 37 and 38: Introduction to Pathology 11 Fig. 1
Page 39 and 40: Introduction to Pathology 13 Fig. 1
Page 41: Selected References 15 Disc Image L
Page 44 and 45: 18 2 Introduction to Forensic Scien
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 3 Introduction to Forensic
Page 63 and 64: Duties of the Forensic Pathologist
Page 69 and 70: Training and Qualifications of Fore
Page 71 and 72: Training and Qualifications of Fore
Page 73: Selected References 47 Selected Ref
Page 76 and 77: 50 4 Death Investigation Death Inve
Page 78 and 79: 52 4 Death Investigation met in ord
Page 80 and 81: 54 4 Death Investigation leading to
Page 82 and 83: 56 4 Death Investigation Fig. 4.2 A
Page 84 and 85: 58 4 Death Investigation Fig. 4.5 P
Page 86 and 87: 60 4 Death Investigation Fig. 4.9 I
Page 88 and 89: 62 4 Death Investigation apartment
Page 90 and 91: 64 5 Death Certification Fig. 5.1 A
Page 92 and 93: 66 5 Death Certification Fig. 5.4 A
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76 5 Death Certification death is i
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78 5 Death Certification use involv
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Chapter 6 Overview of Anatomy and P
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Introduction 83 Table 6.1 (continue
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Introduction 89 Term Definition Tab
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Introduction 91 “mucous membranes
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Specific Organ Systems 93 functions
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Specific Organ Systems 95 Fig. 6.2
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Specific Organ Systems 97 Microscop
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Specific Organ Systems 107 respirat
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Specific Organ Systems 111 water co
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Specific Organ Systems 115 Platelet
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Disc Image Legends 125 Disc Image 6
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Part II General Topics in Forensic
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130 7 The Postmortem Forensic Exami
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Chapter 8 Postmortem Changes and Ti
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Early Postmortem Changes 165 Fig. 8
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Early Postmortem Changes 167 can be
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Decomposition 169 exposed to sunlig
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Decomposition 171 Fig. 8.8 As decom
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Decomposition 173 Fig. 8.12 As deco
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Decomposition 175 Fig. 8.16 If flie
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Postmortem Injuries 177 Fig. 8.20 I
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Time of Death Estimation 179 Time o
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Time of Death Estimation 181 Fig. 8
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Chapter 9 Identification of Human R
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Introduction 187 Fig. 9.2 Badly dec
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Common, Non-scientific Methods of I
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Scientific Methods of Identificatio
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Scientific Methods of Identificatio
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Identification Based on Other Uniqu
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Identification Based on Other Uniqu
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Unidentified Remains 199 Fig. 9.16
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Selected References 201 Disc Image
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Chapter 10 Natural Deaths One man d
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Infectious Disease 207 to as “hyp
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Cardiovascular System 209 refers to
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Cardiovascular System 211 related t
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Cardiovascular System 213 heart int
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Cardiovascular System 215 Aortic An
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Cardiovascular System 217 Vasculiti
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Cardiovascular System 219 Valve Dis
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Cardiovascular System 221 Fig. 10.1
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Central Nervous System 223 Neoplast
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Central Nervous System 225 Viral en
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Central Nervous System 227 Spontane
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Respiratory System 229 Fig. 10.18 T
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Respiratory System 231 Pulmonary Th
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Respiratory System 233 identificati
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Respiratory System 235 Chronic Lung
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Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary
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Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary
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Reticuloendothelial and Immune Syst
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Endocrine System 243 infection, dis
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Multisystem and Other Disorders 245
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Selected References 255 Fineschi V,
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258 11 Drug-Related and Toxin-Relat
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Chapter 12 Blunt Force Injury Death
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Classification of Blunt Force Injur
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Blunt Force Head and Neck Trauma 31
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Special Topics Related to Blunt For
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Selected References 335 Toro K, Szl
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338 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths shotgun
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340 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths Fig. 13
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346 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths targets
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348 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths (a) (b)
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350 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths Image 1
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354 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths Miscell
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362 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths may be
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368 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths X-Rays
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370 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths left-ha
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372 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths NYCLAD
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374 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths Disc Im
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376 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths Disc Im
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Chapter 14 Sharp Force Injury Death
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Stab Wounds 381 to describe the sha
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Stab Wounds 383 describing “clust
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Incised Wounds 385 Fig. 14.9 A supe
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Incised Wounds 387 Although knives
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Special Issues 389 Fig. 14.16 A sta
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Special Issues 391 Defensive Wounds
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Special Issues 393 disorders; howev
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Special Issues 395 area of “radio
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Special Issues 397 Artifacts A fina
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Selected References 399 Disc Image
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Chapter 15 Asphyxial Deaths So Juda
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Suffocation 403 Fig. 15.1 Petechiae
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Suffocation 405 Certification of th
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Suffocation 407 usual occluding sub
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Suffocation 409 being able to expan
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Neck Compression (Strangulation) 41
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Chemical Asphyxia 419 the object ha
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Chemical Asphyxia 421 Fig. 15.21 A
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Other Issues 423 to function proper
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Other Issues 425 (a) (b) Fig. 15.24
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Other Issues 427 the arms/hands bou
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Selected References 431 Prahlow JA,
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434 16 Drowning Physiology and Mech
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436 16 Drowning Fig. 16.2 Thedriver
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438 16 Drowning Fig. 16.4 “Cadave
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440 16 Drowning Finding water withi
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442 16 Drowning Fig. 16.10 Marked d
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444 16 Drowning Fig. 16.14 True ant
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446 16 Drowning Manner of Death A l
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448 16 Drowning Pachar JV, Cameron
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450 17 Electrical Deaths Fig. 17.1
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452 17 Electrical Deaths required f
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454 17 Electrical Deaths death (Fig
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466 17 Electrical Deaths Disc Image
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Chapter 18 Temperature-Related Deat
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Hypothermia 471 constrict, thus con
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Hypothermia 473 Fig. 18.3 Prominent
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Hyperthermia 475 Toxicology testing
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Hyperthermia 477 Fig. 18.8 A 24-yea
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Selected References 479 disease. In
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Chapter 19 Burns and Fire-Related D
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Introduction 483 Fig. 19.3 Example
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Burn Types 485 Fig. 19.5 A postmort
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Burn Types 487 Chemical Burns As me
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Fire Deaths 489 Fire burns represen
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Fire Deaths 491 Fig. 19.11 Dense so
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Fire Deaths 493 Fig. 19.13 Multiple
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Fire Deaths 495 a CO test or an ins
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Fire Deaths 497 Fig. 19.20 Atrue an
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Disc Image Legends 499 Disc Image L
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Chapter 20 Deaths in Infancy and Ch
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Discarded Fetuses/Infants and Fetal
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Discarded Fetuses/Infants and Fetal
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Birth-Related Infant Deaths 507 abr
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Infant Deaths 509 Fig. 20.3 A diaph
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Infant Deaths 511 Fig. 20.6 The pre
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Natural Death in Childhood 513 path
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Accidental Childhood Deaths 515 pon
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Homicidal Childhood Deaths 517 occu
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Homicidal Childhood Deaths 519 Fig.
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Homicidal Childhood Deaths 521 in a
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Classification of Childhood Homicid
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Pediatric Autopsy Considerations 53
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Disc Image Legends 535 Disc Image L
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Selected References 537 Selected Re
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540 21 Miscellaneous Topics Aircraf
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542 21 Miscellaneous Topics CAMI to
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544 21 Miscellaneous Topics To summ
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546 21 Miscellaneous Topics typical
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548 21 Miscellaneous Topics quite o
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550 21 Miscellaneous Topics Fig. 21
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552 21 Miscellaneous Topics The emb
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554 21 Miscellaneous Topics various
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556 21 Miscellaneous Topics stress
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560 21 Miscellaneous Topics ampheta
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562 21 Miscellaneous Topics victim
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564 21 Miscellaneous Topics more se
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568 21 Miscellaneous Topics Organ a
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572 21 Miscellaneous Topics region
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574 21 Miscellaneous Topics Regardi
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576 21 Miscellaneous Topics and lar
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578 21 Miscellaneous Topics some wo
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580 21 Miscellaneous Topics Non-ion
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582 21 Miscellaneous Topics Yersini
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584 21 Miscellaneous Topics water (
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586 21 Miscellaneous Topics to gene
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588 21 Miscellaneous Topics Disc Im
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590 21 Miscellaneous Topics Leclair
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Appendix: Additional Resources and
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Index Note: The letters ‘f’ and
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Index 597 Arnold-Chiari malformatio
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Index 599 closed head injuries, 311
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Index 601 immediate, 68 intermediar
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Index 603 liver demonstrating cirrh
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Index 605 Death investigation syste
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Index 607 pressure related processe
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Index 609 bridging veins, 316 dura
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Index 611 brain, serially-sectioned
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Index 613 Gestational DM, 247 Gesta
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Index 615 Homicide(s), 444 by heart
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Index 617 Infant death, 501-502, 50
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Index 619 Material Safety Data Shee
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Index 621 CNS, 223-229 cerebral pal
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Index 623 Over-the-counter (OTC), 2
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Index 625 Pregnancy-related materna
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Index 627 industrial settings, 486
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Index 629 Smoke and soot inhalation
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Index 631 Thrombophlebitis, inflamm
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