Forensic Pathology for Police - Brainshare Public Online Library

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42 3 Introduction to Forensic Pathology While the forensic pathologist can be considered a fact witness in cases in which the pathologist played an official role in a particular death investigation, he/she is usually also recognized as an expert witness within the field of forensic pathology, thus allowing the forensic pathologist to offer opinions as a part of the testimony. Fig. 3.5 A forensic pathologist participating in a videotaped deposition. A court reporter documents the proceedings Fig. 3.6 Testifying in court proceedings, including criminal and civil trials, is an important aspect of being a forensic pathologist Consultation Some forensic pathologists who work within a death investigation system are, on occasion, consulted by someone (police, family, attorney, etc.) who is looking for an expert opinion regarding an injury, a medical issue, or a death that was not originally investigated as part of that forensic pathologist’s normal daily duties. However,
Training and Qualifications of Forensic Pathologists 43 it should be noted that some forensic pathologists are restricted by their employer (often a county or other government), and are not allowed to perform such consultations. Depending on office policies, resources available, and other concerns, some forensic pathologists actually spend a relatively large amount of their time performing forensic consultations. There are also forensic pathologists who do not have an official position within, or association with, an official death investigation agency, but instead, spend most of their professional time performing forensic consultations and other activities related to such consultations. Frequently, these individuals have previously gained extensive experience working within an official death investigation system. Training and Qualifications of Forensic Pathologists Currently, the training required to become a forensic pathologist in the United States is as follows: successful participation in and completion of medical school (MD or DO degree), successful participation in and completion of an anatomic pathology residency program (typically 3–4 years), successful participation in and completion of a forensic pathology fellowship program (1 year). It should be noted that many choose to participate in a combined anatomic and clinical pathology residency even though the only requirement is anatomic pathology. In 2007, there were 150 accredited pathology residency training programs within the United States, with over 2500 positions available per year. In contrast, there were 37 accredited forensic pathology programs with a total of 70 fellow positions available. To be an American Board of Pathology (ABP)-Board-certified forensic pathologist, one must first be ABP- Board-certified in anatomic pathology, and then in forensic pathology. Table 3.2 provides a synopsis of the education, training, and examination requirements to become a Board-certified forensic pathologist. Table 3.2 Education, training, and examination requirements for Board-certified forensic pathologists (USA) – Successful completion of medical school (MD or DO degree) – Successful completion of an anatomic pathology residency (with or without clinical pathology residency) at an ACGME-accredited program – Successful completion of a forensic pathology fellowship at an ACGME-accredited program – Fulfillment of the requirements of the American Board of Pathology (ABP) and officially declared a diplomate and certified in anatomic pathology (via taking and passing the AP Board examination) – Fulfillment of the requirements of the ABP and officially declared a diplomate and certified in forensic pathology (via taking and passing the FP Board examination) – Recertification by the American Board of Pathology (recently required for newly-certified persons) Simply defined, the term “forensic pathology” may be used to describe a subspecialty within the world of pathology that deals specifically with the investigation of sudden, unexpected, or violent deaths via the performance of forensic autopsies. As
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Forensic Pathology for Police, Deat
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Joseph Prahlow Indiana University S
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vi Dedication accepted the free gif
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viii Foreword quality photographs i
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x Acknowledgements Counties, as wel
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Contents Part I Introductory Topics
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Contents xv Hepatobiliary System .
Page 18 and 19: Contents xvii RespiratorySystem....
Page 20 and 21: Contents xix Mercury ..............
Page 22 and 23: Contents xxi Strangulation . ......
Page 24 and 25: Contents xxiii Negligence/Neglect .
Page 26: About the Author Joseph A. Prahlow,
Page 29 and 30: Chapter 1 Introduction to Pathology
Page 31 and 32: Introduction to Pathology 5 Table 1
Page 33 and 34: Introduction to Pathology 7 Fig. 1.
Page 35 and 36: Introduction to Pathology 9 Fig. 1.
Page 37 and 38: Introduction to Pathology 11 Fig. 1
Page 39 and 40: Introduction to Pathology 13 Fig. 1
Page 41: Selected References 15 Disc Image L
Page 44 and 45: 18 2 Introduction to Forensic Scien
Page 61 and 62: Chapter 3 Introduction to Forensic
Page 63 and 64: Duties of the Forensic Pathologist
Page 65 and 66: Duties of the Forensic Pathologist
Page 67: Duties of the Forensic Pathologist
Page 71 and 72: Training and Qualifications of Fore
Page 73: Selected References 47 Selected Ref
Page 76 and 77: 50 4 Death Investigation Death Inve
Page 78 and 79: 52 4 Death Investigation met in ord
Page 80 and 81: 54 4 Death Investigation leading to
Page 82 and 83: 56 4 Death Investigation Fig. 4.2 A
Page 84 and 85: 58 4 Death Investigation Fig. 4.5 P
Page 86 and 87: 60 4 Death Investigation Fig. 4.9 I
Page 88 and 89: 62 4 Death Investigation apartment
Page 90 and 91: 64 5 Death Certification Fig. 5.1 A
Page 92 and 93: 66 5 Death Certification Fig. 5.4 A
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Page 107 and 108: Chapter 6 Overview of Anatomy and P
Page 109 and 110: Introduction 83 Table 6.1 (continue
Page 115 and 116: Introduction 89 Term Definition Tab
Page 117 and 118: Introduction 91 “mucous membranes
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Specific Organ Systems 93 functions
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Specific Organ Systems 95 Fig. 6.2
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Specific Organ Systems 97 Microscop
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Specific Organ Systems 107 respirat
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Specific Organ Systems 111 water co
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Specific Organ Systems 115 Platelet
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Disc Image Legends 125 Disc Image 6
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Part II General Topics in Forensic
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130 7 The Postmortem Forensic Exami
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Chapter 8 Postmortem Changes and Ti
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Early Postmortem Changes 165 Fig. 8
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Early Postmortem Changes 167 can be
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Decomposition 169 exposed to sunlig
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Decomposition 171 Fig. 8.8 As decom
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Decomposition 173 Fig. 8.12 As deco
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Decomposition 175 Fig. 8.16 If flie
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Postmortem Injuries 177 Fig. 8.20 I
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Time of Death Estimation 179 Time o
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Time of Death Estimation 181 Fig. 8
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Chapter 9 Identification of Human R
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Introduction 187 Fig. 9.2 Badly dec
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Common, Non-scientific Methods of I
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Scientific Methods of Identificatio
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Scientific Methods of Identificatio
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Identification Based on Other Uniqu
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Identification Based on Other Uniqu
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Unidentified Remains 199 Fig. 9.16
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Selected References 201 Disc Image
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Chapter 10 Natural Deaths One man d
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Infectious Disease 207 to as “hyp
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Cardiovascular System 209 refers to
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Cardiovascular System 211 related t
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Cardiovascular System 213 heart int
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Cardiovascular System 215 Aortic An
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Cardiovascular System 217 Vasculiti
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Cardiovascular System 219 Valve Dis
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Cardiovascular System 221 Fig. 10.1
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Central Nervous System 223 Neoplast
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Central Nervous System 225 Viral en
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Central Nervous System 227 Spontane
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Respiratory System 229 Fig. 10.18 T
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Respiratory System 231 Pulmonary Th
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Respiratory System 233 identificati
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Respiratory System 235 Chronic Lung
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Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary
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Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary
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Reticuloendothelial and Immune Syst
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Endocrine System 243 infection, dis
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Multisystem and Other Disorders 245
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Selected References 255 Fineschi V,
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258 11 Drug-Related and Toxin-Relat
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Chapter 12 Blunt Force Injury Death
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Classification of Blunt Force Injur
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Blunt Force Head and Neck Trauma 31
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Special Topics Related to Blunt For
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Selected References 335 Toro K, Szl
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338 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths shotgun
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340 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths Fig. 13
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346 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths targets
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348 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths (a) (b)
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350 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths Image 1
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354 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths Miscell
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362 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths may be
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368 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths X-Rays
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370 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths left-ha
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372 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths NYCLAD
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374 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths Disc Im
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376 13 Gunshot Wound Deaths Disc Im
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Chapter 14 Sharp Force Injury Death
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Stab Wounds 381 to describe the sha
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Stab Wounds 383 describing “clust
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Incised Wounds 385 Fig. 14.9 A supe
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Incised Wounds 387 Although knives
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Special Issues 389 Fig. 14.16 A sta
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Special Issues 391 Defensive Wounds
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Special Issues 393 disorders; howev
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Special Issues 395 area of “radio
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Special Issues 397 Artifacts A fina
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Selected References 399 Disc Image
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Chapter 15 Asphyxial Deaths So Juda
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Suffocation 403 Fig. 15.1 Petechiae
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Suffocation 405 Certification of th
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Suffocation 407 usual occluding sub
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Suffocation 409 being able to expan
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Neck Compression (Strangulation) 41
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Chemical Asphyxia 419 the object ha
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Chemical Asphyxia 421 Fig. 15.21 A
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Other Issues 423 to function proper
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Other Issues 425 (a) (b) Fig. 15.24
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Other Issues 427 the arms/hands bou
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Selected References 431 Prahlow JA,
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434 16 Drowning Physiology and Mech
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436 16 Drowning Fig. 16.2 Thedriver
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438 16 Drowning Fig. 16.4 “Cadave
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440 16 Drowning Finding water withi
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442 16 Drowning Fig. 16.10 Marked d
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444 16 Drowning Fig. 16.14 True ant
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446 16 Drowning Manner of Death A l
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448 16 Drowning Pachar JV, Cameron
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450 17 Electrical Deaths Fig. 17.1
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452 17 Electrical Deaths required f
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454 17 Electrical Deaths death (Fig
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466 17 Electrical Deaths Disc Image
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Chapter 18 Temperature-Related Deat
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Hypothermia 471 constrict, thus con
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Hypothermia 473 Fig. 18.3 Prominent
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Hyperthermia 475 Toxicology testing
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Hyperthermia 477 Fig. 18.8 A 24-yea
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Selected References 479 disease. In
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Chapter 19 Burns and Fire-Related D
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Introduction 483 Fig. 19.3 Example
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Burn Types 485 Fig. 19.5 A postmort
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Burn Types 487 Chemical Burns As me
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Fire Deaths 489 Fire burns represen
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Fire Deaths 491 Fig. 19.11 Dense so
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Fire Deaths 493 Fig. 19.13 Multiple
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Fire Deaths 495 a CO test or an ins
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Fire Deaths 497 Fig. 19.20 Atrue an
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Disc Image Legends 499 Disc Image L
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Chapter 20 Deaths in Infancy and Ch
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Discarded Fetuses/Infants and Fetal
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Discarded Fetuses/Infants and Fetal
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Birth-Related Infant Deaths 507 abr
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Infant Deaths 509 Fig. 20.3 A diaph
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Infant Deaths 511 Fig. 20.6 The pre
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Natural Death in Childhood 513 path
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Accidental Childhood Deaths 515 pon
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Homicidal Childhood Deaths 517 occu
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Homicidal Childhood Deaths 519 Fig.
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Homicidal Childhood Deaths 521 in a
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Classification of Childhood Homicid
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Pediatric Autopsy Considerations 53
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Disc Image Legends 535 Disc Image L
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Selected References 537 Selected Re
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540 21 Miscellaneous Topics Aircraf
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542 21 Miscellaneous Topics CAMI to
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544 21 Miscellaneous Topics To summ
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546 21 Miscellaneous Topics typical
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548 21 Miscellaneous Topics quite o
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550 21 Miscellaneous Topics Fig. 21
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552 21 Miscellaneous Topics The emb
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554 21 Miscellaneous Topics various
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556 21 Miscellaneous Topics stress
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560 21 Miscellaneous Topics ampheta
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562 21 Miscellaneous Topics victim
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564 21 Miscellaneous Topics more se
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568 21 Miscellaneous Topics Organ a
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572 21 Miscellaneous Topics region
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574 21 Miscellaneous Topics Regardi
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576 21 Miscellaneous Topics and lar
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578 21 Miscellaneous Topics some wo
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580 21 Miscellaneous Topics Non-ion
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582 21 Miscellaneous Topics Yersini
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584 21 Miscellaneous Topics water (
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586 21 Miscellaneous Topics to gene
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588 21 Miscellaneous Topics Disc Im
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590 21 Miscellaneous Topics Leclair
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Appendix: Additional Resources and
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Index Note: The letters ‘f’ and
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Index 597 Arnold-Chiari malformatio
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Index 599 closed head injuries, 311
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Index 601 immediate, 68 intermediar
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Index 603 liver demonstrating cirrh
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Index 605 Death investigation syste
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Index 607 pressure related processe
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Index 609 bridging veins, 316 dura
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Index 611 brain, serially-sectioned
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Index 613 Gestational DM, 247 Gesta
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Index 615 Homicide(s), 444 by heart
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Index 617 Infant death, 501-502, 50
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Index 619 Material Safety Data Shee
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Index 621 CNS, 223-229 cerebral pal
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Index 623 Over-the-counter (OTC), 2
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Index 625 Pregnancy-related materna
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Index 627 industrial settings, 486
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Index 629 Smoke and soot inhalation
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Index 631 Thrombophlebitis, inflamm
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