DEFORESTATION AROUND THE WORLD - India Environment Portal

More documents

Recommendations

Info

104 Deforestation Around the World internal friction coefficient. This is the general form of S, but there are many specific forms, based on the fact that, landslides, as the movement of a mass of rock, debris or earth downslope (Cruden 1991; Dai et al. 2002), occurs when shear stress (Fp) is higher than shear strength (i.e., when S
Landslides Caused Deforestation 0.5 as I d/( S/ ) , where d is particle diameter and s is the particle density. Soil e s moisture enhancement factor on viscosity is assumed varying according a sigmoid curve formally as Eq. (9) of Sidle (1992) but with the time decay term replaced by relative saturation. As derivatived from Eq. (1), the prognostic equation for surface elevation, h(x,y), is h VH hw top top t 0 Where X indicates evaluation at the free surface elevation. In the case with slope top movements, Eq. (4) is solved regularly to update the sliding material geometry. The w terms may include sedimentation rate and entrainment rate. Once the material is entrained inside the sliding material, it changes the rheological property of the medium and is advected within the sliding material. The viscous term in Eq. (2) implies an energy conversion from kinetic energy to heat. To make a full closure of energy, we need the following thermal equation: T 2 2 c ( V) T kT eff (5) t Where c is heat capacity (J/kg/K), T is temperature (K), κ is thermal conductivity (W/K/m), and σeff is effective stress (Pa). The last term is ‘strain heating’, which is the converting of work done by gravity into heat affecting the sliding material by changing viscosity or causing a phase change. Above is the landslide component of SEGMENT-landslides. Other components are shown in Fig. 3. To describe the full start-slide-stop cycle, we boundle internal stress tensor as E 105 C S (6) , where gh is the gravitational potential, C is effective cohesion, and E the pressure perturbation caused by earthquake or human-induced disturbances at that location. µ< µ1=tgф, with ф granular repose angle. For conditions with ground water, hydrostatic pressure is usually included in S for convenience. The extreme values of the middle two terms on the right hand side are the yielding strength (shear strength) of the sliding material f C Sf(with subscript ‘f’ means failure). Note that, in addition to be soil moisture and soil chemical components dependent, C and are functions of shear stress (e.g., Schofield 2006). For unfractured bedrock, C is the dominant term, usually three orders of magnitudes larger than the remaining three terms combined together. For most of the soil (except pure sandy soil), cohesion and internal friction are both important in maintaining stability slopes. For fractured rocks and sandy soils, the internal friction becomes dominant term (not necessarily larger than gravitational potential, though. But, it is the horizontal gradient of the gravitational potential that caused motion, not the bulk term). When vegetation roots are involved, the mechanical effects are included in cohesion. Note that it is the interaction of distributed roots and the surrounding soil particles, not merely the (4)
Page 1 and 2:
DEFORESTATION AROUND THE WORLD Edit
Page 5 and 6:
Contents Preface IX Part 1 Deforest
Page 9 and 10:
Preface Forests are giant reservoir
Page 11:
Preface XI thankful to Maja Bozicev
Page 15:
Part 1 Deforestation Impacts
Page 18 and 19:
4 Deforestation Around the World in
Page 20 and 21:
6 Deforestation Around the World Th
Page 22 and 23:
8 Deforestation Around the World In
Page 24 and 25:
10 Deforestation Around the World 4
Page 26 and 27:
12 Deforestation Around the World T
Page 28 and 29:
14 Deforestation Around the World F
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
18 Deforestation Around the World a
Page 34 and 35:
20 Deforestation Around the World S
Page 36 and 37:
22 Deforestation Around the World D
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
26 Deforestation Around the World v
Page 42 and 43:
28 Deforestation Around the World A
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
32 Deforestation Around the World I
Page 48 and 49:
34 Deforestation Around the World Z
Page 50 and 51:
36 Deforestation Around the World W
Page 52 and 53:
38 Deforestation Around the World c
Page 54 and 55:
40 Deforestation Around the World O
Page 56 and 57:
42 Deforestation Around the World O
Page 58 and 59:
44 Deforestation Around the World n
Page 60 and 61:
46 Deforestation Around the World D
Page 62 and 63:
48 Deforestation Around the World M
Page 64 and 65:
50 Deforestation Around the World t
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69: 54 S.N. Reference 1 2 3 4 5 6 Otter
Page 70 and 71: 56 Deforestation Around the World O
Page 72 and 73: 58 Deforestation Around the World t
Page 74 and 75: 60 7. Model results Deforestation A
Page 76 and 77: 62 Deforestation Around the World F
Page 80 and 81: 66 Deforestation Around the World c
Page 82 and 83: 68 Deforestation Around the World B
Page 84 and 85: 70 Deforestation Around the World L
Page 86 and 87: 72 Deforestation Around the World W
Page 88 and 89: 74 Deforestation Around the World G
Page 90 and 91: 76 Deforestation Around the World I
Page 92 and 93: 78 Deforestation Around the World s
Page 94 and 95: 80 Deforestation Around the World o
Page 96 and 97: 82 Deforestation Around the World w
Page 98 and 99: 84 Deforestation Around the World S
Page 100 and 101: 86 Deforestation Around the World s
Page 104 and 105: 90 Deforestation Around the World P
Page 106 and 107: 92 5. Conclusions Deforestation Aro
Page 108 and 109: 94 Deforestation Around the World P
Page 110 and 111: 96 Deforestation Around the World f
Page 112 and 113: 98 Deforestation Around the World g
Page 114 and 115: 100 Deforestation Around the World
Page 159 and 160: Geospatial Analysis of Deforestatio
Page 169 and 170:
Geospatial Analysis of Deforestatio
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Unsupervised Classification of Aeri
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
10 Deforestation and Waodani Lands
Page 203 and 204:
Deforestation and Waodani Lands in
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
11 Sustainable Forest Management Te
Page 219 and 220:
Sustainable Forest Management Techn
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
12 Bunjil Forest Watch a Community-
Page 245 and 246:
Bunjil Forest Watch a Community-Bas
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
13 Remnant Vegetation Analysis of G
Page 269 and 270:
Remnant Vegetation Analysis of Guan
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295:
Part 3 Preventing Deforestation
Page 298 and 299:
284 Deforestation Around the World
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Page 312 and 313:
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
324 3. Results and discussion Defor
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
338 Characteristics of livestock pr
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
Page 358 and 359:
344 Land use systems Aboveground tr
Page 360 and 361:
Page 362 and 363:
Page 364 and 365:
Page 366 and 367:
Page 368 and 369:
354 Southgate (1990) Larson (1991)
Page 370 and 371:
356 Barrett (1991) Jones and O’Ne
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
Page 376 and 377:
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
366 7. Acknowledgment Deforestation
Page 382 and 383:
Page 384 and 385:
Page 386:
show all

DEFORESTATION AROUND THE WORLD - India Environment Portal

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?