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322 Deforestation Around the World environmental education in Costa Rican schools and/or communities is supported by the Ministry of <strong>Environment</strong> and diverse non-governmental organizations (Blum, 2008). Nevertheless, to date the controversy on the relative efficiency of the aforementioned factors as deforestation-avoiding strategies still persist. Some authors concludes that the current expansive network of efforts in conservation, environmental management, education and ecotourism contribute directly to prevent and minimize the deforestation in the country (e.g., Blum, 2008). Conversely, other authors support that the forest cover recovery in some areas of Costa Rica have been result of a process referred as “forest transition” (i.e., deforestation trends are replaced with reforestation following the trends in the economic development and urbanization), rather a direct effect of the environmental policies (Calvo- Alvarado et al., 2009; Schelhas & Sánchez-Azofeifa, 2006). Therefore, in this chapter I reviewed the available literature to assess the relative efficiency of the ecotourism, PES, private reserves and environmental education to prevent, mitigate, and/or reverts the deforestation in different regions of Costa Rica. Finally, I synthesize the major strengths and weaknesses of these strategies and suggest future directions to minimize the deforestation and to improve the environmental performance in the country. 2. Methods 2.1 Literature review To achieve the main objectives of this study, I conducted a systematic review of published articles, book chapters and dissertations up to August 2011 using ISI Web of Science, Biological Abstracts, Google Scholar, and Costa Rican environmental agencies online data bases. Overall, I amassed a total of 90 studies on the study topic distributed as follow: 36 studies on ecotourism, 17 studies on payment for environmental services, 8 studies on private nature reserves, and 29 studies on environmental education. 2.2 Efficiency indicators To determine the efficiency of the above mentioned strategies I used changes in deforestation rates and/or forest cover before the implementation of each strategy and 4-20 years after its implementation in the same region. As sources of the information on the deforestation rates and/or forest cover in the sites in which a particular strategy was implemented, I used the information available in the literature and in online data bases from the Ministerio del Ambiente, Energía y Tecnología (MINAET) de Costa Rica (http://www.minae.go.cr/), Sistema de Infomación de Recursos Forestales (http://www.sirefor.go.cr), Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (http://www.fonafifo.com/), Oficina Naciona Forestal (ONF), Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo (http://www.tribunalambiental.org), and Centro de Derecho Ambiental y de Recursos Naturales (http://www.cedarena.org/). 2.3 Statistical analysis To evaluate if forest area covers by private and public forests differed between years, I used generalized linear models (GLM: Lehman et al., 2005). I constructed the following model: AREA = FOREST TYPE (PRIVATE AND PUBLIC) nested within YEAR + FOREST TYPE*YEAR. Data were first arcsine transformed, and tested for a normal distribution with a Shapiro-Wilk test (passed, P>0.05). I then selected Normal distribution with an identity link-function to the response variable. I performed the statistical analyses using JMP (version 7.0, SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
Efficiency of the Strategies to Prevent and Mitigate the Deforestation in Costa Rica Table 1. Three study case on ecotourism efficiency in different top tourism areas of Costa Rica. 323
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DEFORESTATION AROUND THE WORLD Edit
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Contents Preface IX Part 1 Deforest
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Preface Forests are giant reservoir
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Preface XI thankful to Maja Bozicev
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Part 1 Deforestation Impacts
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Geospatial Analysis of Deforestatio
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10 Deforestation and Waodani Lands
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