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134 Deforestation Around the World land use changes in Greece. Based on the information of the Fig. 1, it is possible put forward some comments concerning land use change in Greece: High deforestation constitutes a significant process of land use change in several insular as well as mountainous regions of the country (Minetos and Polyzos 2010). A limited number of mainland coastal regions as well as some regions adjacent to large metropolitan areas, present high deforestation rates. Examining the information on the maps, it is obvious that deforestation, very often, coexists with the urban sprawl and illegal housing activity. Beyond the obvious impacts on the biodiversity of these regions, there also emerge several questions concerning erosion processes, flooding and loss of ground via rain water washings. Taking into account that edaphogenic processes follow the geological time scale, such changes should be considered as being irreversible. At the same time, the cost of protecting human activities from flooding events increases, the available fresh water resources lower and microclimate and living conditions at the local level change. In the long term, reduction of biodiversity is expected to affect negatively development opportunities and to also influence the regional level of prosperity (Minetos and Polyzos 2010). Finally, it is worth mentioning that deforestation processes at numerous localities accumulate affecting wider areas at the regional scale and also fuelling global environmental issues such as global warming and climate change. Increased conversion and modification of agricultural land present high rates in the case of regions with large urban concentrations, in regions adjacent to the aforementioned ones as well as in several insular regions (Minetos and Polyzos 2009). Processes that contribute to the configuration of this pattern are: (a) Urbanisation of agricultural land and, (b) abandonment of marginal agricultural land. Therefore, in a great number of the aforementioned regions, the loss of agricultural land is connected to pressures deriving from urban sprawl and illegal housing activity (Minetos and Polyzos 2009). In the rest of the regions, loss of agricultural land is connected to the low competitiveness of agricultural sector and the problematic environmental and demographic characteristics within which agricultural activity takes place. It is apparent that economic forces such as land-rent, lead to structural changes to the economic base of regional areas in question (Polyzos 2009). However, if we take into consideration the way in which this economic transformation (illegal housing, urban sprawl) is happening, then it is likely that several negative economic, social and environmental impacts will emerge having long lasting action. More specifically, the shrinkage of the economic base of the regional spatial units and, in certain cases, the observed orientation of local economic base to a single activity generates phenomena of "monoculture" (e.g. tourism) in the economy. Urban sprawl, concerns most regions of the country but it presents particular intensity in the western and southern areas as well as in most of the islands. High sprawl of urban activities in ex-urban location is observed in also relatively remote areas (Polyzos and Minetos 2009). They are also frequent commercial linear developments following the major interregional transportation routes as well as extensive low density areas of urban forms (residential units, tourism infrastructure, etc). A development pattern like this needs to be supported by a large amount of infrastructure (road axes, networks of water supply, networks and installations of waste water treatment) the size of which might be disproportionate to the size of served population.
Deforestation Dynamics: A Review and Evaluation of Theoretical Approaches and Evidence from Greece Fig. 1. Matrix of regional spatial units in Greece and the magnitude of significant land use change phenomena (NSSG 1994; NSSG 1995; NSSG 1999; NSSG 2004; NSSG 2004; NSSG 2006). 135
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DEFORESTATION AROUND THE WORLD Edit
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Contents Preface IX Part 1 Deforest
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Preface Forests are giant reservoir
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Preface XI thankful to Maja Bozicev
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Part 1 Deforestation Impacts
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60 7. Model results Deforestation A
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10 Deforestation and Waodani Lands
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Remnant Vegetation Analysis of Guan
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Part 3 Preventing Deforestation
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366 7. Acknowledgment Deforestation
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