120 Deforestation Around the World Holdridge’s chart) by landslide burial, accompanying extreme precipitation, may slow down ecosystem migration in accord with climate change. Landslides are localized events. Advanced dynamical models with physical basis should be used as there is a need for prediction, rather than simply documenting the occurrence of landslides. SEGMENT-landslide is an effort in this direction. Because there are biogeochemical submodels coupled in the SEGMENT system, it also is an ideal tool for investigating the environmental consequences of landslides, including deforestation and an associated decrease in productivity. 9. References Allen, M., and W. Ingram, 2002: Constraints on future changes in climate and the hydrologic cycle. Nature, 419, 224-232. Amundson, R. V., and H. Jenny (1997), On a state factor model of ecosystem. BioScience 47, 536-543. Baum, R. L., W.Z. Savage, and J.W. Godt (2008), TRIGRS-A Fortran program for transient rainfall infiltration and grid based regional slope-stability analysis, version 2.0: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 75pp. BNPB, 2009. Indonesian Disaster Data and Information. Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Nasional (National Disaster Management Agency) Retrieved 21th May, 2009. http://dibi.bnpb.go.id/ Burrough, P.A., and R.A. McDonnell (2004), Principles of geographical information systems, Spatial Information Systems and Geostatistics, 333pp. Oxford University Press. Caine, N. (1980), The rainfall intensity¬duration control of shallow landslides and debris flows. Geografisker Annaler, Series A, 62, 23¬27. Cannon, S.H., and S. Ellen, 1985: Rainfall conditions for abundant debris avalanches. San Francisco Bay Region, California. California Geology, 38, 267-272. Casadei, M., W. Dietrich, and N. Miller (2003), Testing a model for predicting the timing and location of shallow landslide initiation in soil-mantled landscapes, Earth Surf. Processes Landf., 28, 925-950. Chapin III, F., P. Matson, and H. Mooney, 2002: Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology. Springer Science and Business Media, Inc., NY, 436p. Costa, J. E. (1984), Physical geography of debris flows, in Costa, J. E., and Fleisher, P. J. (eds). Developments and Applications in Geomorphology: Springer Verlag, pp. 268-317. Crosta, G. 1998. Regionalization of rainfall thresholds: an aid to landslide hazard evaluation. <strong>Environment</strong>al Geology 35 (2-3): 131-145. Cruden, D. M., and D. J. Varnes (1996), Landslide types and processes; in, Landslides Investigation and Mitigation, A. K. Turner and R. L. Schuster, eds.: National Research Council, Transportation Research Board, Special Report 247, p. 36-75. Cruden, DM. 1991. A Simple Definition of a Landslide. Bulletin International Association of Engineering Geology 43: 27-29. Dai, FC, Lee, CF and Ngai, YY. (2002), Landslide risk assessment and management: an overview. Engineering Geology 64 (1): 65-87. Dietrich, W. E., and J. T. Perron (2006), The search for a topographic signature of life. Nature, 439, 411-418.
Landslides Caused Deforestation Godt, J., R. Baum, and A. Chleborad (2006), Rainfall characteristics for shallow land-sliding in seattle, Washington, USA, Earth Surf.Processes Landforms, 31, 97-110. Groisman, P., R. Knight, T. Karl, D. Easterling, B. Sun, and J. Lawrimore (2004), Contemporary changes of the hydrological cycle over the contiguous United States trends derived from in situ observations. J. Hydrometeorology, 5, 64-85. Iverson, R. (1997), The physics of debris flows. Review of Geophysics, 35, 245-296. Karl, T., and K. Trenberth (2003), Modern Global Climate Change. Science, 302, 1719-1723. Matson, P.A., C. Volkmann, K. Coppinger, and W.A. Reiners (1991), Annual nitrous oxide flux and soil nitrogen characteristics in sagebrush steppe ecosystems. Biogeochemistry, 14, 1-12. Nakicenovic, N., and R. Swart (eds.) (2000), Special report on emissions scenarios (SRES). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 612pp. NRC, 2008: Origin and Evolution of Earth: Research Questions for a Changing Planet. National Academy Press, 137 pp. O’Gorman, P., and T. Schneider (2009), The physical basis for increases in precipitation extremes in simulations of 21st century climate change. PNAS, 106, 14773-14777. Ren, D., R. Fu, L. M. Leslie, and R. Dickinson (2011a), Predicting storm-triggered landslides. BAMS. DOI: 10.1175/2010BAMS3017.1. Ren, D., R. Fu, L. M. Leslie, and R. Dickinson (2011b), Modeling the mudslide aftermath of the 2007 southern California wildfires. J. Natural Hazards. DOI: 10.1007/s11069- 010-9615-5. Ren, D., R. Fu, L. M. Leslie, R. Dickinson, and X. Xin, 2010: A storm-triggered landslide monitoring and prediction system: Formulation and case study. Earth Interactions. Paper 12 of Volume 14. Ren, D., J. Wang, R. Fu, D. Karoly, H. Yang, L. M. Leslie, C. Fu, and G. Huang (2009), Mudslide caused ecosystem degradation following Wenchuan earthquake 2008. GRL,36, doi:10.1029/2008GL036702. Ren, D., L. M. Leslie, and D. Karoly (2008), Mudslide risk analysis using a new constitutive relationship for granular flow, Earth Interactions, 12, 1-16. Ren, D., and D. Karoly (2006), Comparison of glacier-inferred temperatures with observations and climate model simulations. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L23710. Rind, D. (1984), The influence of vegetation on the hydrological cycle in a global climate model. Climatic processes and climate sensitivity. J. E. Hansen and T. Takahashi, Eds., Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington, DC, 73-91. Schofield, A. N., and T. Telford, 2006. Disturbed soil properties and geotechnical design, ISBN 0-7277-2982-9. Selby, M.J. (1993), Hillslope Materials and Processes. Oxford university press, Oxford, UK. Sidle, R. C. (1992), A theoretical model of the effects of timber harvesting on slope stability. Water Resources Research, 28, 1897-1910. Sirangelo, B., and P. Versace, 1996: A real time forecasting model for landslides triggered by rainfall. Meccanica, 31, 73-85. Smith, K and D. Petley (2008), <strong>Environment</strong>al Hazards: Assessing Risk and Reducing Disaster, Fifth Edition. Routledge, London, 414p. ISBN 0-203-88480-9 Trenberth, K., 1999: Conceptual framework for changes of extremes of the hydrological cycle with climate change. Clim. Change, 42, 327-339. 121
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