DEFORESTATION AROUND THE WORLD - India Environment Portal

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356 Barrett (1991) Jones and O’Neill (1993) López (1997) Tachibana et al. (2001) Batabyal and Lee (2003) Sylwester (2004) Willassen (2004) Takasaki (2006) Pascual and Barbier (2006) Pascual and Barbier (2007) Balsdon (2007) Brown (2008) Main decision variables Cultivation length, fallow length Proportion of land cultivated Main outcome variables Fallowcultivation cycle Main policy parameters Fallow length Output price, wage, discount rate, population Deforestation Around the World Static vs. dynamic Factor markets Output price Dynamic Not modeled Empirics None Static Perfect None Cleared forest Cleared forest Output price Dynamic Perfect Ghana (regression) Proportion of upland land cultivated, upland forest cleared Proportion of upland cultivated, shifting cultivation area, upland forest cleared Lowland technological progress, lowland farm area, output price, forestclearing cost, tenure security Fallow length Fallow length Return to fallow, discount rate Proportion of land cultivated Fallowcultivation cycle Proportion of land cleared Farming labor (clearing and on-farm labor with a fixed proportion) Farming labor (clearing and on-farm labor with a fixed proportion) Cultivation length Proportion of land cultivated Land quality Income transfer, output price, population Fallowcultivation cycle, soil fertility (present value of gross output) Proportion of land cleared Fallow soil fertility, forest clearing Fallow soil fertility, forest clearing Cultivation length Proportion of land cultivated Table 3. Shifting cultivation models Dynamic Perfect Vietnam (regression) Dynamic Not modeled Dynamic Not modeled Output price Dynamic Not modeled Output price, wage, discount rate, soilregeneration rate, soil erosivity None None None Dynamic Perfect None Population Dynamic Perfect Mexico (simulation) Output price Dynamic Perfect Mexico (simulation) Output price, non-farm income Preference, spatial dependency Dynamic Not modeled None Dynamic Perfect Cameroon (regression, simulation)
Economic Models of Shifting Cultivation: A Review 357 2.1 Static deforestation models Early deforestation models are static. Southgate (1990), which is elaborated by Larson (1991), considers not only forest-clearing labor, but also soil-conservation labor among colonists in the forest frontier; 3 these two labors separately determine the present value of agricultural production (cropping and livestock) and soil conservation. DeShazo and DeShazo (1995) apply an agricultural household model (Singh et al., 1986) to forest clearing with a perfect labor market, though they capture forest clearing through the value of land (rent), not forest clearing itself. van Soest et al. (2002) directly extend the agricultural household model to forest clearing, comparing effects of farm technological progress on forest clearing under perfect and no labor-market conditions. Barrett (1999) and Delacote (2007), respectively, examine influences of price and production risk in farming on forest clearing in their static models; Delacote (2007) also addresses effects of risk aversion and returns to standing forest in the form of non-timber forest products (NTFPs). 4 2.2 Discrete dynamic deforestation models Static deforestation models effectively treat cleared land as a variable input (produced by labor) for farming. This setup is valid if tropical farmers replace their old infertile plots with newly cleared forest lands every agricultural season or do not consider future production on their cleared lands because of insecure tenure. This is not a common practice among shifting cultivators, because (1) forest clearing is very costly to them (especially with no use of chainsaws), (2) they can employ a variety of traditional soil management techniques (in particular fallowing), and (3) forest clearing and cultivation often give them some claims to the land (Takasaki, 2007). Instead, shifting cultivators crop their cleared lands for more than one agricultural season over time. Takasaki (2007) treats forest clearing as both an input for current production and an investment in future production in his two-period model. Quality-adjusted land for cultivation at period t is given by: A aL (1.1) 1 1 1 A A a L (1.2) 2 1 2 where Lt is labor allocated to clear forest at period t, a is forest-clearing function, and ρ captures fertility decline through cultivation (depreciation rate). van Soest et al. (2002) use the same forest-clearing function as in equation (1.1); equation (1.2) is a state equation of 3Although conflicts over property rights are central issues among colonists in the forest frontier (e.g., Alston et al., 2000; Anderson & Hill, 1990; Hotte, 2001; Mueller, 1997), related theoretical modeling is not reviewed in this chapter. 4The potential role of NTFPs for sustainable development and poverty alleviation in the tropics is often emphasized (e.g., Arnold & Perez, 2001; Coomes et al., 2004; Wunder, 2001); at the same time, overexploitation of forest resources as local commons among poor populations has been a major concern (i.e., poverty-environment trap) (Barbier, 2010; Dasgupta, 1993, 2001; Jodha, 1986). In particular, firewood collection and associated forest degradation have received much attention. Bluffstone (1995), for example, examines firewood/fodder collection and forest biomass evolution.
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DEFORESTATION AROUND THE WORLD Edit
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Contents Preface IX Part 1 Deforest
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Preface Forests are giant reservoir
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Preface XI thankful to Maja Bozicev
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Part 1 Deforestation Impacts
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54 S.N. Reference 1 2 3 4 5 6 Otter
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60 7. Model results Deforestation A
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Geospatial Analysis of Deforestatio
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Unsupervised Classification of Aeri
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10 Deforestation and Waodani Lands
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Sustainable Forest Management Techn
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12 Bunjil Forest Watch a Community-
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Bunjil Forest Watch a Community-Bas
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Remnant Vegetation Analysis of Guan
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Part 3 Preventing Deforestation
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