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338 Characteristics of livestock production units La Siria, Ocosingo Ach lum Monte Libano, Ocosingo Amatitlan, Maravilla Tenejapa Deforestation Around the World La Corona, Marques de Comillas Land use type Ejido Ejido Ejido Ejido Ethnic group Tseltal Tseltal Chol and Mestizo Mestizo Altitude (m a.s.l.) 150-200 300 - 500 275 - 590 75 – 125 Land use Maize Maize Maize Maize agriculture agriculture, agriculture agriculture Livestock Fruits, Livestock Livestock Forestry Livestock Forestry Forestry PES-Carbon Average land area (ha/family) 15 20 10 45 Pasture area for cattle grazing (ha) 10 15 5 25 Stocking rate AU/ha Management system Product destination (mainly meat) Forage trees on pasture grazing areas 1.9 2.1 1.5 2.7 Livestock with improved pastures (Brachiaria brizantha, B humidicola). Rotations without technical assistance No supplement. Local market consumption G. sepium, Parmentiera aculeata, Brosimum allicastrum, Guazuma ulmifolia, Leucaena leuucocephala Livestock with native grasses and “estrella” grass (Cynodon niemufensis). Without technical assistance and financial support. Breeding and sales of young calves Local market consumption Whiteringia meiantha, Thitonia diversifolia, G. sepium, G. ulmifolia, Eupatorium morifolium Livestock with forest fallow grazing, and crop residues (maize stubbles) Local market consumption G. ulmifolia, Diphysa americana, Spondias mombin, Bahuinia herrerae Livestock on pastures with dispersed trees, live fences, and pastures with forest patches. Improved pastures (B. decumbens, B. humidicola, Andropogon gayanus). Growing and sale of calves recently wean Local and regional market consumption G. sepium, Cecropia obtusifolia, Erythrina sp, L. leucocephala, P. aculeata Table 2. Socio-technical characteristics of livestock in four communities in Selva Lacandona (Chiapas, México).
Agroforestry Systems and Local Institutional Development for Preventing Deforestation in Chiapas, Mexico 339 participatory method that identifies rural development and forest management opportunities and constraints of each involved farmer and community. Subsequently, it helps farmers and communities to select and establish trees on individual or collective lands according to their preferences, providing technical support and paying participants for the provision of carbon offsets to national and mostly international buyers (Corbera 2010; Ruiz de Oña, 2011). Over time, the project has become a global landmark for the development of community-based payments for ecosystem services, and it has created its own design and implementation standard (www.planvivo.org). This approach has been extended to other similar projects in Uganda, Mozambique, Malawi and Cameroon 3. Avoiding deforestation in La Corona, Marqués de Comillas In Ejido La Corona, a previous study estimated that 305 ha of forested land would have to be lost for agriculture purposes, as a baseline scenario during the period 2004-2009 (Quechulpa, et al., 2010). With the support of the AMBIO cooperative and financial support from Pro-Árbol (i.e., a governmental PES program developed by Mexico’s National Forest Commission (CONAFOR) a participatory planning method was developed to design interventions for avoiding deforestation and increasing tree cover in deforested land. Concurrent financial resources were allocated from several programs, including Scolel Te, the Mexican Fund for Nature Conservation (FMCN) and Mesoamerican Biological Corridor (CBM). Financial resources were aimed to reduce pressure on forest land to avoid land-use change and to intensify cattle raising activities. The following two approaches were suggested by community members and selected for project development: 1) management of secondary vegetation and forest conservation and 2) establishment of agrosilvopastoral and agroforestry systems in open and grazing areas. As a result, secondary vegetation was managed by pruning and thinning trees to eliminate competition and favour growth of the most commercially valuable species. Activities for forest conservation included the opening and maintenance of 22 km of fire protection rifts, acquiring equipment for fires, combating brigades trained for fire control, supervising and regulating agricultural burns. Communal forest conservation incorporated a wider vision of the territory and collective agreements related to resource access into the working plan, thereby establishing rules and monitoring to regulate land use change according to the plan. The establishment of 45.5 km of live fences was carried out in accordance to the work plan (Figure 3) using “cocoite” forage trees (G. sepium) and other timber species, such as Tabebuia rosea, T. guayacan, C. odorata, S. macrophylla and Pachira aquatica. All forage trees were native species produced in communal nurseries. Other activities included the use of forage grasses such as Brachiaria, the promotion of cattle-feed supplements with multi-nutritional blocks, improvement of cattle breeds, establishment of livestock infrastructure, establishment of technical training and creation of a farmer-to-farmer exchange system (Ambio Cooperative, 2010). In parallel, other projects particularly targeted towards women, such as the substitution of traditional open stoves by fuel wood-saving stoves, improvement of house conditions and improvement of other communal infrastructure, were also launched. In the first five years of the project, all of these activities resulted in 179 ha of prevented deforestation out of the 305 ha previously estimated to be lost, which translated in reduced CO2 emissions from land-use change. According to inventories from permanent plots, 407 ha of passively restored secondary forests accumulated biomass with a rate of 4.4 ton ha -1 year -1
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DEFORESTATION AROUND THE WORLD Edit
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Contents Preface IX Part 1 Deforest
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Preface Forests are giant reservoir
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Preface XI thankful to Maja Bozicev
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Part 1 Deforestation Impacts
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Geospatial Analysis of Deforestatio
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10 Deforestation and Waodani Lands
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