DEFORESTATION AROUND THE WORLD - India Environment Portal

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138 Deforestation Around the World Deforestation moves to more remote regions as accessibility improves. There are interactions amongst indirect population potential and illegal housing activity that influence the spatial distribution of deforestation rate. This complex relationship implies a geographical transfer and dispersion of illegal housing phenomenon from urbanized regions to remote, less-urbanized ones. It is likely that urban populations remain the major source of illegal housing activity; however they now tend to exercise this activity in longer distances due to accessibility improvements. If this is the case then deforestation controllers are still in urban areas even though the impacts of their acts are being systematically “exported” to other areas. The geographical transfer of deforestation relieves forests in the places of origin but at the same time, it escalates pressure on the host areas’ forests. An additional issue, relevant to the abovementioned argument, relates to the geographical characteristics of the areas being deforested. In insular prefectures, land surface is a scare resource and areas covered with forests are limited. If such spatial units were involved in a lengthy urban-forest land use antagonism, it would probably be difficult for all stages of forest transition theory to take place. Due to geographical remoteness, small-sized insular regions cannot easily base part of their development on exploiting the land of adjacent regions. Thus, it is difficult for islands to “export” deforestation processes. Bearing in mind the scarcity of developable land, high rents associated with urban land uses, the lack of forest cadastral maps and the insufficient forest law enforcement mechanisms, it is more likely for insular forests to move to the direction proposed by the theory of the tragedy of commons rather than the one proposed by forest transition theory. Even if the country as a whole managed to increase its forests, there would probably be winners and losers at the regional scale. Generally speaking, the spread of urban uses in the countryside has negatively affected forests either directly or indirectly. The improvement of transportation infrastructure, the expansion of urban plans, urban sprawl, illegal housing activity and legal building construction activity create a complex negative background for forest land uses. On the other hand, changes in Gross Domestic Product in agriculture and change in tourism infrastructure either have limited or zero adverse impacts on forests. It seems that the observed improvement in the performance of agricultural sector in the relevant regions has not occurred in the expense of forests through some expansion of cultivated land. In addition, new tourism accommodation infrastructure, possibly due to the mandatory environmental impact assessment introduced in the early ‘90s, had limited negative effects on forests. However, regions with high growth in their tourism accommodation in ex-urban areas show significant signs of deforestation. In the context of planning a sustainable forest policy, accessibility issues as well as the spatial patterns generated by urban phenomena such as urban sprawl and illegal housing are of crucial importance. At first glance, the improvement in the regional level of prosperity might be associated with lower deforestation rate. However, it is not certain whether this additional prosperity has been achieved in a sustainable manner. It is likely that improvement in prosperity at some location has been achieved in the expense of forests at some other location. These results could guide further research into improving the understanding of spatial processes such as forest land use changes and into rationalizing forest-related decision making. Strategic project monitoring and appraisal as well as evaluation of project impacts on land uses can help spatial planners and land use decisionmakers to introduce specific environmental protection objectives into land development and planning processes.
Deforestation Dynamics: A Review and Evaluation of Theoretical Approaches and Evidence from Greece 7. References Agarwal, C., C. Green, et al. (2002). A Review and Assessment of Land-Use Change Models. Dynamics of Space, Time, and Human Choice. CIPEC Collaborative Report Series No. 1, Center for the Study of Institutions Population, and Environmental Change Indiana University. Allen, P., M. FitzSimmons, et al. (2003). "Shifting plates in the agrifood landscape: the tectonics of alternative agrifood initiatives in California." Journal of Rural Studies 19(1): 61-75. Amin, S. (1976). Unequal development Sassex, Harvester press. Andersen, M. S. and I. Massa (2000). "Ecological modernization - origins, dilemmas and future directions." Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 2(4): 337-345. Angelsen, A. (2007). Forest Cover Change in Space and Time: Combining the von Thünen and Forest Transition Theories. Policy Research Working Paper 4117, The World Bank: 1-43. Arthur, W. B. (1994). Inductive Reasoning and Bounded Rationality: The El Farol Problem. Given at the American Economic Association Annual Meetings, 1994, Session: Complexity in Economic Theory, chaired by Paul Krugman. Published in Amer. Econ. Review (Papers and Proceedings), 84, 406, 1994. Los Alamos, USA, Santa Fe Institute. Arthur, W. B. (2005). Out-of-Equilibrium Economics and Agent-Based Modeling. ''Paper prepared for Handbook of Computational Economics, Vol. 2: Agent-Based Computational Economics, K. Judd and L. Tesfatsion, eds, ELSEVIER/North- Holland, forthcoming 2005.''. Los Alamos, USA, Santa Fe Intitute. Aspinall, R. (2004). "Modelling land use change with generalized linear models--a multimodel analysis of change between 1860 and 2000 in Gallatin Valley, Montana." Journal of Environmental Management 72(1-2): 91-103. Baulies, X. and G. Szejwach (1998). LUCC Data Requirements Workshop: Survey of needs, gaps and priorities on data for land-use/land-cover change research; in LUCC Report Series; no 3. Barcelona,, Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya,. Briassoulis, H. (2000). "Analysis of land use change: Theoretical and modelling approaches in: The web book of regional science, http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Briassoulis/contents.htm." Buttel, F. H. (2000). "Ecological modernization as social theory." Geoforum 31(1): 57-65. Chhabra, A., H. Geist, et al. (2006). Multiple impacts of land-use /cover change. Land-use and Land-cover change: Local processes and global implication. E. F. Lambin and H. J. Geist. Wurzburg, Springer: 71-116. Chomitz, K. M. and D. A. Gray (1996). "Roads, land use, and deforestation: a spatial model applied to Belize." World Bank Economic Review 10(3): 487-512. Dobson, A. (2003). Citizenship and the Environment. Oxford Oxford University Press. Ehrhardt-Martinez, K., E. M. Crenshaw, et al. (2002). "Deforestation and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Cross-National Investigation of Intervening Mechanisms." Social Science Quarterly 83(1): 226-243. Elands, B. and F. Wiersum (2001). "Forestry and rural development in Europe: an exploration of socio-political discourses " Forest Policy and Economics 3(1-2): 5-16. Evans, N., C. Morris, et al. (2002). "Conceptualizing agriculture: a critique of postproductivism as the new orthodoxy." Progress in Human Geography 26(3): 313-332. Feagan, R. (2007). "The place of food: mapping out the 'local' in local food systems." Progress in Human Geography 31(1): 23-42. 139
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DEFORESTATION AROUND THE WORLD Edit
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Contents Preface IX Part 1 Deforest
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Preface Forests are giant reservoir
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Preface XI thankful to Maja Bozicev
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Part 1 Deforestation Impacts
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