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210 Deforestation Around the World services such as mobility, coordination, service discovery, security, data aggregation, quality of service, handling hardware heterogeneity, handling communication errors, scalability, and network organization. Good architectures are needed to integrate new sensor services to integrate safely with legacy systems; enhanced programming models, event propagation models, and data models to accommodate the requirements of sensor applications and services; and inventive design. There is no single middleware existing till date which addresses all these requirements. 2.5 Deployment In general, deployment establishes an association of sensor nodes with objects, creatures, or places in order to augment them with information-processing capabilities. Deployment can be as diverse as establishing one-to-one relationships by attaching sensor nodes to specific items to be monitored (Przydatek et al., 2003), covering an area with locomotive sensor nodes (Bulusu et al., 2004), or throwing nodes from an aircraft into an area of interest (Karlof & Wagner, 2003). Due to their large number, nodes have to operate unattended after deployment. Once a sufficient number of nodes have been deployed, the sensor network can be used to fulfil its task. This task can be issued by an external entity connected to the sensor network. 3. Proof of Concept (PoC) for forest monitoring The main objective of our system is to monitor tree theft/fire in the forest and alert using an event based wireless sensor network. In forest monitoring application, events like tree theft, fire etc. occur rarely, so in our implementation, the communication nodes are kept in sleep mode (until any event is detected) to cut down on the power consumption. Whenever an event is detected by sensor, it triggers the communication nodes. Subsequently, the event is reported to the sink node as quickly as possible and an alert is generated. In addition to event based monitoring, our system incorporates energy harvesting technique to power the sensor nodes and for carrying out other power management related tasks. The detailed description of the design and implementation of the proposed system is given below. 3.1 Communication node design This section describes the sensor node architecture which has been designed and developed for the low power application stated above. Fig. 1 shows the functional block diagram of the sensor node developed for forest monitoring. The sensor node architecture mainly consists of a SOC (system-on-chip) for data collection, processing, networking and controlling; sensors for event detection; power supply for meeting the power requirements of the sensor node and RF energy harvester system for harvesting energy from RF. The hardware details of the various components of the sensor node are described below. 3.1.1 SOC (System-on-Chip) MC13213 system on chip (SOC) from Freescale Semiconductor has been used for this implementation. The interrupt which is generated by the Key Board Interrupt (KBI) has been used to wake up the controller from the sleep mode. Whenever SOC receives an interrupt to KBI from the tilt/temperature sensor, it sends low signal on the corresponding KBI and wakes up the controller which starts its service from the corresponding service routine.
Sustainable Forest Management Techniques Fig. 1. Functional Block Diagram of the Sensor Node developed for Forest Monitoring On the other hand, when the neighbor nodes want to send the data, it first sends the RF signal and then sends the data. Received RF signal will interrupt the node and energy storage will occur based on signal threshold. When RF signal is within the predefined thresholds, threshold circuit sends an active low signal to KBI. KBI wake up the controller and start the corresponding service routine to listen its neighbour. If the received RF energy is out of these two thresholds, it activates the energy harvest mode. Energy of RF signal =Vf if TH1
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DEFORESTATION AROUND THE WORLD Edit
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Contents Preface IX Part 1 Deforest
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Preface Forests are giant reservoir
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Preface XI thankful to Maja Bozicev
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Part 1 Deforestation Impacts
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54 S.N. Reference 1 2 3 4 5 6 Otter
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60 7. Model results Deforestation A
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Geospatial Analysis of Deforestatio
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Part 3 Preventing Deforestation
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324 3. Results and discussion Defor
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366 7. Acknowledgment Deforestation
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