Appendices 5-13 - Nautilus Cares - Nautilus Minerals

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Abstract This report presents the results of numerical modelling of the production and underwater propagation of thruster cavitation noise from a surface vessel carrying out a subsea mining operation. Modelling indicates that received levels will drop rapidly with distance from the vessel out to a horizontal distance of approximately 2 km, after which they will decay more slowly in accordance with cylindrical spreading. The noise is likely to be audible to marine animals at ranges in excess of 600 km in directions unimpeded by land or shallow water depths (to the west in this case), however levels will be insufficient to produce physiological effects such as temporary threshold shifts at any range, except perhaps in the immediate vicinity of the vessel (within tens of metres). To put this audibility range in context it is important to note that long range sound propagation in the ocean is common for both natural and man-made sounds. For example, low frequency sounds produced by the nearby North Su subsea volcano are likely to be audible for thousands of kilometres, and other seismic events such as earthquakes can produce sounds that are well above ambient noise levels at ranges of thousands to tens of thousands of kilometres. In the case of man-made sources, sounds produced by airgun arrays during seismic surveys have been recorded by the authors at ranges of several thousand kilometres. Marine mammals are likely to avoid the vessel at ranges of approximately 15 km, and may suffer signal masking effects at similar ranges. However, some animals may also be attracted to the vessel, and the avoidance range is likely to reduce over time as animals habituate to the vessel's presence. An analysis of the production and propagation of noise from the subsea mining machine and the potential impacts of these noise levels on marine mammals has not been carried out due to a lack of information about the machine's likely source characteristics. The noise produced by this device needs to be considered in the context of the operation being carried out approximately 1 km from an active subsea volcano, which is itself likely to be a major source of low frequency underwater sound. 2
Table of Contents 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 5 2 Methods............................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Source modelling........................................................................................................ 7 2.2 Propagation modelling................................................................................................ 9 2.3 Received level calculations....................................................................................... <strong>13</strong> 3 Results ............................................................................................................................... 14 4 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 19 4.1 Received level modelling ......................................................................................... 19 4.2 Potential impacts on marine mammals ..................................................................... 22 5 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 27 References................................................................................................................................. 29 3
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Project director David Gwyther Proj
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Appendix 8 Juvenile Amphipod Whole
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10-day Survival of M. plumulosa Pag
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Centre for Environmental Contaminan
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Centre for Environmental Contaminan
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Appendix 9 Elutriate Testing Report
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Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3
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These elutriate tests were designed
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2. An aliquot(s) of sample after ce
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Table 1: pH, redox (Eh), conductivi
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1440 minutes which is also consiste
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Concentration (ppb) 250.0 200.0 150
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Concentration (ug/kg ore) (log scal
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Zinc sulfide is the most soluble of
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Table 5: Major ions in 0.45 !m filt
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3.5 Comparison to ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2
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5. References ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000)
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Appendix 2: Phase 1: Metal concentr
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Appendix 4: Phase 1: Normalised dat
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Appendix 6: Phase 2: Quality contro
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Appendix 8: Metal concentrations in
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Page 157 and 158: MODELLING THE DISPERSION AND SETTLE
Page 159 and 160: TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMA
Page 161 and 162: 2 MODELLING METHODOLOGY AND DATA 2.
Page 163 and 164: 2.3 The SSFATE Model Sediment dispe
Page 165 and 166: Earth Mechanics Institute of the Co
Page 167 and 168: 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The calcul
Page 169 and 170: Table 3.1. Summary of areas covered
Page 171 and 172: Figure 3.3b. Sediment bottom thickn
Page 173 and 174: Figure 3.3d. Sediment bottom thickn
Page 175: 4 REFERENCES Swanson J.C., Isaji T.
Page 179 and 180: MODELLING THE DISPERSION OF THE RET
Page 181 and 182: TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMA
Page 183 and 184: Given the range of tidal and basin
Page 185 and 186: dispersion is modelled using a rand
Page 187 and 188: Figure 2.1. Data from the ADCP at 6
Page 189 and 190: 2.5 Outfall Configuration and Assum
Page 191 and 192: 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Diluti
Page 193 and 194: Figure 3.1. Snapshot in time of a
Page 195 and 196: 5.0 km at any time during the disch
Page 197 and 198: Figure 3.2. The expected (or averag
Page 199 and 200: Figure 3.4 A zoomed in comparison o
Page 201 and 202: 5 REFERENCES Bear, J. and Verruijt,
Page 203: Rusin J., Lunel T. and Davies L., 1
Page 207: Prediction of underwater noise asso
Page 211 and 212: 1 Introduction This report presents
Page 213 and 214: 2 Methods 2.1! Source modelling Cav
Page 215 and 216: dB re 1uPa @ 1m 200 195 190 185 180
Page 217 and 218: Figure 3. Source location for the s
Page 219 and 220: Depth (m) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Page 221 and 222: Figure 7. Plots of predicted receiv
Page 223 and 224: Figure 9. Zoomed view of plots of p
Page 225 and 226: Figure 11. Predicted maximum level
Page 227 and 228: for computing a is given in Fisher
Page 229 and 230: ecent studies have indicated that c
Page 231 and 232: sources to close range, and that th
Page 233 and 234: masking ranges for different marina
Page 235 and 236: References Fisher, F. H., Simmons,
Page 237: Appendix 14 The Potential for Natur
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Page 242 and 243: iii.) Incrementally these 1 m swath
Page 247: Appendix 15 Stakeholder Consultatio
Page 250 and 251: Environmental Impact Statement Solw
Page 256 and 257: Wewak (22 October 2007) Not recorde
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San Diego (17-18 April 2008) Enviro
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Appendices 5-13 - Nautilus Cares - Nautilus Minerals

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