Appendices 5-13 - Nautilus Cares - Nautilus Minerals

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4.2! Potential impacts on marine mammals Modelling of the likely underwater noise produced by the mining vessel holding position indicates: * That the vessel will be audible at ranges > 600 km. This is based on Equation (2), which assumes cylindrical spreading, and an absorption coefficient of 7. 3x 10 dB/m, which is the applicable value for 250 Hz. The definition of audible used here is that the received level due to vessel noise is greater than a background broadband noise level at the upper end of a ‘normal’ range of 95-110 dB re 1"Pa. This is not an exact calculation because it doesn't take into account the frequency dependent effects of absorption, which will result in the received signal spectrum being progressively biased towards lower frequencies as the range increases. Whether Equation (2), continues to apply over such long ranges depends primarily on the water depth over the propagation path, as boundary interactions, and hence attenuation will increase rapidly once the sound reaches continental shelf depths of a few hundred metres. From the geography of the area shown in Figure 1 it is apparent that unimpeded propagation to this range would only be possible in an arc from south-west to north-west of the mining site. * That the range at which a broadband noise level of 140 dB re 1"Pa was estimated to be reached was 1100 m. * That the range at which a broadband noise level of 150 dB re 1"Pa was estimated to be reached was 350 m * That the range at which a broadband noise level of 160 dB re 1"Pa was estimated to be reached was approximately 70 m. Note that the modelling exercise, by necessity, considers the source to be a point in space. In reality this is not the case, the source is spatially distributed across the vessel dimensions plus some portion of the bubble plume around the vessel. Hence the higher levels experienced (ie. > 160 dB re 1"Pa) can conservatively be considered as occurring approximately within 70 m of the vessel extent. It is believed that broadband noise levels above approximately 180 dB re 1"Pa are required to produce detectable physiological effects such as temporary hearing threshold shifts (variety of workers, summarised in Richardson et. al. 1995), although some more -6 22
ecent studies have indicated that continuous signals with levels as low as 160 dB re 1"Pa may produce measurable effects in some species (National Research Council, 2005). Given that predicted broadband noise levels are < 180 dB re 1"Pa even at close range, and drop to 160 dB re 1"Pa within 70 m of the vessel, then it is very unlikely that the mining vessel will cause significant physiological effects to marine mammals unless they are immediately adjacent to the vessel. This leaves potential environmental effects as: * Attraction to the source * Avoidance from the source at some range * Masking of signals of interest * Possible increase in noise induced stress for animals which linger in the area. The frequency content of cavitation noise is broad band, that is it has energy spread over a remarkably wide range of frequencies. Highest noise levels will likely occur in the 10 Hz to several kHz range but there will be significant energy in the higher frequencies, up into many tens of kHz. This will make the mining vessel audible to a wide range of marine fauna, including toothed whales which hear best in higher frequencies (optimal range for species likely to be in the area is 20-80 kHz) and great whales (optimal hearing sensitivity < 1 kHz). The mining vessel will be a static or slowly moving source. The possible avoidance effects, which involve an animal deviating to avoid vessel collision, may therefore be reduced. Sources which are continual and do not move favour marine animals readily acclimating to them. Attraction It is possible that the mining vessel will attract some marine animals. There have been recent experiments which have shown that many late stage larval fish are attracted to relatively non-specific broadcast sounds emulating reef systems (Simpson et. al. 2005). It may be possible that similar attraction of larval fishes to the vicinity of the mining vessel may occur. It may also be possible that the fixed mining noise will attract whales. The noise will be detectable typically at hundreds of km depending on the prevailing background sea noise 23
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Project director David Gwyther Proj
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Appendix 8 Juvenile Amphipod Whole
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10-day Survival of M. plumulosa Pag
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Centre for Environmental Contaminan
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Centre for Environmental Contaminan
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Appendix 9 Elutriate Testing Report
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Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3
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These elutriate tests were designed
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2. An aliquot(s) of sample after ce
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Table 1: pH, redox (Eh), conductivi
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1440 minutes which is also consiste
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Concentration (ppb) 250.0 200.0 150
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Concentration (ug/kg ore) (log scal
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Zinc sulfide is the most soluble of
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Table 5: Major ions in 0.45 !m filt
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3.5 Comparison to ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2
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5. References ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000)
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Appendix 2: Phase 1: Metal concentr
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Appendix 4: Phase 1: Normalised dat
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Appendix 6: Phase 2: Quality contro
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Appendix 8: Metal concentrations in
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MODELLING THE DISPERSION AND SETTLE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMA
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2 MODELLING METHODOLOGY AND DATA 2.
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2.3 The SSFATE Model Sediment dispe
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Earth Mechanics Institute of the Co
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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The calcul
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Table 3.1. Summary of areas covered
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Figure 3.3b. Sediment bottom thickn
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Figure 3.3d. Sediment bottom thickn
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4 REFERENCES Swanson J.C., Isaji T.
Page 179 and 180: MODELLING THE DISPERSION OF THE RET
Page 181 and 182: TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMA
Page 183 and 184: Given the range of tidal and basin
Page 185 and 186: dispersion is modelled using a rand
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Page 189 and 190: 2.5 Outfall Configuration and Assum
Page 191 and 192: 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Diluti
Page 193 and 194: Figure 3.1. Snapshot in time of a
Page 195 and 196: 5.0 km at any time during the disch
Page 197 and 198: Figure 3.2. The expected (or averag
Page 199 and 200: Figure 3.4 A zoomed in comparison o
Page 201 and 202: 5 REFERENCES Bear, J. and Verruijt,
Page 203: Rusin J., Lunel T. and Davies L., 1
Page 207 and 208: Prediction of underwater noise asso
Page 209 and 210: Table of Contents 1 Introduction ..
Page 211 and 212: 1 Introduction This report presents
Page 213 and 214: 2 Methods 2.1! Source modelling Cav
Page 215 and 216: dB re 1uPa @ 1m 200 195 190 185 180
Page 217 and 218: Figure 3. Source location for the s
Page 219 and 220: Depth (m) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Page 221 and 222: Figure 7. Plots of predicted receiv
Page 223 and 224: Figure 9. Zoomed view of plots of p
Page 225 and 226: Figure 11. Predicted maximum level
Page 227: for computing a is given in Fisher
Page 231 and 232: sources to close range, and that th
Page 233 and 234: masking ranges for different marina
Page 235 and 236: References Fisher, F. H., Simmons,
Page 237: Appendix 14 The Potential for Natur
Page 240 and 241: 'leaky' and recent lava flows have
Page 242 and 243: iii.) Incrementally these 1 m swath
Page 247: Appendix 15 Stakeholder Consultatio
Page 250 and 251: Environmental Impact Statement Solw
Page 256 and 257: Wewak (22 October 2007) Not recorde
Page 258: San Diego (17-18 April 2008) Enviro
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Appendices 5-13 - Nautilus Cares - Nautilus Minerals

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