Appendices 5-13 - Nautilus Cares - Nautilus Minerals

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Concentration (ug/kg ore) (log scale) 100000 10000 1000 100 10 1 Cu Zn Cd Pb 6 Deg 12 Deg 24 Deg Figure 5: Mass of metal (!g) dissolved per kg of ore at 6, 12 and 24 o C (note 6 o C data from Phase 1 experiment). Metal sulfides are generally very insoluble, but they are thermodynamically unstable in the presence of oxygen and water, undergoing complex oxidation/reduction reactions (Richardson, 1995, Tsang and Parry, 2004). The result of the oxidation is the production of sulfate and mobilization of metals. The overall oxidation of metal sulfides can be described by equation 1, but this is an oversimplification of a complex multi-step reaction. MS(s) + 2O2 "> M 2+ + SO4 2- (1) The results from these elutriation experiments clearly show the mobilization of metals and concomitant release of sulfate (Table 5 and 6 and Figure 6). The Phase 1 experiment showed that virtually all the sulfate was released at time zero with little increase over time (Table 5). This would indicate that there was an existing oxidized surface on the ore sample. Figure 6 shows there is an increase in release of sulfur with temperature, however the substantial increase at 24 o C is largely due to one of the replicates being approximately 100mg/L higher than the other 2 (Table 6). 14
Concentration (mg/L) 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 6 Deg 12 Deg 24 Deg Temperature (Deg C) net sulfur Figure 6: Net sulfur released (sulfur concentration in elutriate – sulfur in blank seawater) from 180 minute elutriation at 6, 12 and 24 o C (note 6 o C data from Phase 1 experiment). In the Phase 1 experiment there was a decrease in dissolved metal concentrations between 15 and 180 minutes, most probably due to readsorption to the ore surface and/or precipitation as metal hydroxides and carbonates (Figures 2 and 3). The slow increase in dissolved metal concentrations between 180 and 720 minutes reflects surface controlled dissolution which will be a combination of oxidation, the distribution of active ore surface defect sites (steps, kinks and pits) and lattice exchange reactions. The metal analysis of the ore shows that Cu is the predominant mineral, more than an order of magnitude higher concentration than Zn. Although Cu is the predominant metal in the ore dissolved Zn is an order of magnitude higher and Cd and Pb are at similar concentrations to Cu. This is a result of the fact that copper forms the most insoluble sulfide and readily undergoes lattice exchange reactions with Pb, Zn and Cd sulfides (equation 2). Cu 2+ + MS(s) "> M 2+ + CuS(s) (2) (M = Pb, Zn or Cd) 15
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Page 12 and 13: Centre for Environmental Contaminan
Page 14 and 15: Centre for Environmental Contaminan
Page 17: Appendix 9 Elutriate Testing Report
Page 20 and 21: Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3
Page 22 and 23: These elutriate tests were designed
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Page 26 and 27: Table 1: pH, redox (Eh), conductivi
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Page 30 and 31: Concentration (ppb) 250.0 200.0 150
Page 34 and 35: Zinc sulfide is the most soluble of
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Page 38 and 39: 3.5 Comparison to ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2
Page 40: 5. References ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000)
Page 43 and 44: Appendix 2: Phase 1: Metal concentr
Page 45 and 46: Appendix 4: Phase 1: Normalised dat
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Page 49: Appendix 8: Metal concentrations in
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MODELLING THE DISPERSION AND SETTLE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMA
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2 MODELLING METHODOLOGY AND DATA 2.
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2.3 The SSFATE Model Sediment dispe
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Earth Mechanics Institute of the Co
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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The calcul
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Table 3.1. Summary of areas covered
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Figure 3.3b. Sediment bottom thickn
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Figure 3.3d. Sediment bottom thickn
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4 REFERENCES Swanson J.C., Isaji T.
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MODELLING THE DISPERSION OF THE RET
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMA
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Given the range of tidal and basin
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dispersion is modelled using a rand
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Figure 2.1. Data from the ADCP at 6
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2.5 Outfall Configuration and Assum
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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Diluti
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Figure 3.1. Snapshot in time of a
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5.0 km at any time during the disch
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Figure 3.2. The expected (or averag
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Figure 3.4 A zoomed in comparison o
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5 REFERENCES Bear, J. and Verruijt,
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Rusin J., Lunel T. and Davies L., 1
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Prediction of underwater noise asso
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction ..
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1 Introduction This report presents
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2 Methods 2.1! Source modelling Cav
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dB re 1uPa @ 1m 200 195 190 185 180
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Figure 3. Source location for the s
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Depth (m) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
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Figure 7. Plots of predicted receiv
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Figure 9. Zoomed view of plots of p
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Figure 11. Predicted maximum level
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for computing a is given in Fisher
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ecent studies have indicated that c
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sources to close range, and that th
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masking ranges for different marina
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References Fisher, F. H., Simmons,
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Appendix 14 The Potential for Natur
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'leaky' and recent lava flows have
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iii.) Incrementally these 1 m swath
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Appendix 15 Stakeholder Consultatio
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Environmental Impact Statement Solw
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Wewak (22 October 2007) Not recorde
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San Diego (17-18 April 2008) Enviro
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Appendices 5-13 - Nautilus Cares - Nautilus Minerals

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