Appendices 5-13 - Nautilus Cares - Nautilus Minerals

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iii.) Incrementally these 1 m swathes will lead to a maximum depth of only 220m below the current seabed. iv.) There are favorable unloading differentials in an aqueous environment v.) Changes in hydrostatic pore-pressure is not going to occur at these depths i.) It has been noted that mining induced seismic events tend to take place in tectonically stable areas. This is because stresses can gradually build up over long time periods as no sudden seismic triggers occur. In seismically active areas the regular regional failures and 'tectonic kneading' tends to relieve stress build up. Thus minor stress modifiers, such as mining, are unlikely to cause seismicity due to triggering of a failure in such an environment. Further, at spreading axis the rocks are under tensional stress. Rocks are weak in tension and will break easily, producing frequent minor and micro-earthquakes rather than allowing stresses to build resulting in major periodic ruptures. So in effect the area of the Solwara 1 site is regularly 'relaxed', there being no major stress build-up, therefore the mining extraction technique is unlikely to cause a catastrophic rock failure. ii, iii & iv) Although never proven as a single causal mechanism for inducing seismicity at subaerial open cast mines, loading and unloading has been suggested (Kulhanek, 1990) as a minor contributory factor in tectonically stable, highly-stressed areas. At subaerial mines, 1m 3 of material removed it is replaced by 1m 3 of air. If we assume the mined material to have a density of 2000kg per 1m 3 this will be replaced by 1.37kg of atmospheric air; a differential of almost 1500:1. In a subaqueous environment 1m 3 of material is replaced by 1000kg of water; leading to a density differential of 2:1. As such if all else is equal a submarine excavation has to be over one thousand times bigger to induce the same stress modification in the local environment as that of an identical subaerial pit. The Solwara 1 mine will be a relatively small-scale operation compared to a terrestrial open cut mines. v.) Most subaerial mines, pits or wells have water or other fluids pumped from them. This is to enable humans or equipment to operate in areas that are otherwise below the water table and hence flooded. This fluid extraction effects the local hydrostatic pore-pressure and elsewhere has been seen as the main stress modifier leading to mine induced seismicity. As the Solwara 1 mine will be at 1500-1700m below sea level all equipment is designed to operate submerged and at the ambient pressures encountered there. No de-watering will take place until the slurry reaches the surface. As such at the extraction site the hydrostatic pore-pressures will not be effected by mining activities, all pores will have a head of 1500- 1700 m of water acting on them, both before and after material has been removed. This source of induced seismicity can be discounted. 2.6 Natural Tsunami Activity in Papua New Guinea There have been fourten recorded tsunamis in PNG in the last 150 years. Known by the names of : - 1. Ritter Island, 1888 2. North coast PNG mainland, 1930. 3. Rabaul, 1937. 4. Chile, 1960. 5. Madang, 1970. 6. Solomon Sea, July 14th 1971. 7. Solomon Sea, July 26th 1971. 8. Lae, 1972. 9. Rabaul, Sept 1994. 10. Aitape, July 1998. 11. Southern New Ireland, Nov 2000. 12. Wewak, Sept 2002 <strong>13</strong>. Rabaul, October 2006 14. Solomon Sea April 2007 None of these were associated with activity on the BSSL.
A tsunami can be generated by any disturbance that displaces a large water mass from its equilibrium position. The largest of the above tsunamis were generated by earthquake at subduction zones (Chile 1960, Solomon Sea 1971, 2007), where plates move vertically relative to each other and hence can displace large quantities of water. These can cause just local effects or regional and even trans-oceanic (such as the 1960 tsunami sourced to Chile). The others were produced by masses of material entering the sea or moving along the sea bed. Such mass movement can be produced by subaerial volcanic eruptions causing pyroclastic flows to enter the sea, these only have a local impact (Rabaul 1937, 1994 and 2006). Volcanic islands have been known to collapse (Ritter 1888) and seabed sediments laying on steep gradients can slump downwards generating tsunamis (Madang, 1970, Lae 1972, Aitape 1998), both of these mechanisms can have effect areas up to a few hundred kilometres away, but are usually much more local. 2.7 Linkages Between Volcanic Activity, Earthquakes and Tsunamis and Whether the Project could Trigger a Tsunami None of the above mechanisms for tsunami generation exist, or can be caused by mineral extraction at the Solwara 1 deposit. As outlined above the mining technique can not generate earthquakes or volcanic eruptions in the environment encountered at the site. The seabed in the area is topographically complex, but no long steep slopes exist and sediment deposits are thin. Therefore there is little sediment to slump and the topography is not conducive to debris flow initiation. Kulhanek O., (1990) Anatomy of seismograms. Developments in Solid Earth Geophysics, 18. Elservier Wallace M.W., Stevens C., Silver E., McCaffrey R., Loratung W., Hasiata S., Stanaway R., Curley R., Rosa R., and Taugaloidi J. (2004) GPS and seismological constraints on active tectonics and arc-continent collision in Papua New Guinea: Implications for mechanics of microplate rotations in a plate boundary zone. J. Gephys. Res. Vol. 109, B05404 Woodhead J. D., Eggins S. M. and Johnson R. W. (1998) Magma Genesis I the New Britain Island Arc: Further Insights into Melting and Mass Transfer Processes. J. Petrology, Vol. 39. No. 9, pages 1641-1668
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./0123/M./T!6 1MP!8T ST!T.M./T 1a$t
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Project director David Gwyther Proj
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Appendix 8 Juvenile Amphipod Whole
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10-day Survival of M. plumulosa Pag
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Centre for Environmental Contaminan
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Centre for Environmental Contaminan
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Appendix 9 Elutriate Testing Report
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Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3
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These elutriate tests were designed
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2. An aliquot(s) of sample after ce
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Table 1: pH, redox (Eh), conductivi
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1440 minutes which is also consiste
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Concentration (ppb) 250.0 200.0 150
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Concentration (ug/kg ore) (log scal
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Zinc sulfide is the most soluble of
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Table 5: Major ions in 0.45 !m filt
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3.5 Comparison to ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2
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5. References ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000)
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Appendix 2: Phase 1: Metal concentr
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Appendix 4: Phase 1: Normalised dat
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Appendix 6: Phase 2: Quality contro
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Appendix 8: Metal concentrations in
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MODELLING THE DISPERSION AND SETTLE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMA
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2 MODELLING METHODOLOGY AND DATA 2.
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2.3 The SSFATE Model Sediment dispe
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Earth Mechanics Institute of the Co
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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The calcul
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Table 3.1. Summary of areas covered
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Figure 3.3b. Sediment bottom thickn
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Figure 3.3d. Sediment bottom thickn
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4 REFERENCES Swanson J.C., Isaji T.
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MODELLING THE DISPERSION OF THE RET
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMA
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Given the range of tidal and basin
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dispersion is modelled using a rand
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Figure 2.1. Data from the ADCP at 6
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2.5 Outfall Configuration and Assum
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Page 201 and 202: 5 REFERENCES Bear, J. and Verruijt,
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Page 211 and 212: 1 Introduction This report presents
Page 213 and 214: 2 Methods 2.1! Source modelling Cav
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Page 217 and 218: Figure 3. Source location for the s
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Page 227 and 228: for computing a is given in Fisher
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Page 233 and 234: masking ranges for different marina
Page 235 and 236: References Fisher, F. H., Simmons,
Page 237: Appendix 14 The Potential for Natur
Page 240 and 241: 'leaky' and recent lava flows have
Page 247: Appendix 15 Stakeholder Consultatio
Page 250 and 251: Environmental Impact Statement Solw
Page 256 and 257: Wewak (22 October 2007) Not recorde
Page 258: San Diego (17-18 April 2008) Enviro
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Appendices 5-13 - Nautilus Cares - Nautilus Minerals

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