Appendices 5-13 - Nautilus Cares - Nautilus Minerals

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3.5 Comparison to ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000) water quality guidelines The dissolved concentrations of Co, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb exceed the ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000) guideline values for 95% protection level at all three temperatures (see <strong>Appendices</strong> 1 and 5). At 6 o C zinc exceeded the guideline value by approximately 250 times, with Co, Cu, Cd and Pb exceeding the Guideline values by approximately 100, 120, 4 and 20 times, respectively. Therefore, if the ore slurry was maintained at 6 o C a 300 fold dilution would reduce all metal concentrations to below the guideline level for 95% protection, a more conservative dilution of 500 fold would reduce all metal concentrations to below the guideline value for 99% protection, except for Co. However, the Co value of 0.005 !g/l is actually below the natural background levels for Co in coastal environments of northern Australia (Munksgaard and Parry, 2001). The temperature experiment resulted in higher concentrations of metals at 12 and 24 o C with Zn exceeding the ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000) guideline value for 95% protection by approximately 600 times. Cobalt, Cu, Cd and Pb exceeded the guideline values by approximately 220, 300, 10 and 34-45 (12 and 24 o C, respectively). Therefore a minimum of 600 fold dilution would reduce all mmetal concentrations below the ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000) guideline values for 95% protection level. 4. Conclusions The results of both the Phase 1 and 2 experiments indicate that there is an existing oxidized surface layer on the ore sample resulting in the rapid release of Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and sulfate. The Phase 1 experiment at 6 o C showed that after the initial dissolution of this oxidized layer substantially slower dissolution from the exposed metal sulfide surface commenced. If the oxidized layer was due to air oxidation the results obtained in these experiments may represent a worst case scenario. The ore being mined in situ will mix with oxygenated seawater, not air, and this will result in substantially slower rates of metal sulfide oxidation (see Batterham, 1999) and concomitantly lower rates of metal dissolution. Batterham (1999) removed the oxidized surface from a mixed metal sulfide ore concentrate and showed that the initial rate of dissolution for Cd, Cu and Zn in oxic 20
seawater was very slow. Lead still showed substantial rates of dissolution which reflects the rapid oxidation of galena, reported to initiate in minutes (Kim et al, 1994). The Phase 2 experiment showed that there appears to be a temperature effect on dissolution of metals with a concomitant decrease in pH, increase in Ca dissolution and increase in sulfur as sulfate. While it has been reported that metal sulfides are less stable at higher temperatures (Tsang and Parry, 2004) the magnitude of increase measured in these experiments may be higher than expected due to air oxidation of the ore that may have occurred between the two experiments. Acknowledging that these experiments may represent a worst case scenario, as a result of air oxidation of the ore, the results for the quality of elutriate water show that at least a 300 fold dilution will be required at 6 o C and 600 fold dilution if the slurry will be between 12 and 24 o C, to produce a discharge water quality that would be considered to have minimal if any environmental impact. A more conservative dilution of 1000 fold would reduce metal concentrations to below the ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000) guideline values for 99% protection level for most metals even at 24 o C, except for Co. This dilution would also reduce Ca and sulfate levels and increase pH and alkalinity to background levels. This assumes that the slurry will be processed within 180 minutes as there is no data for dissolution at 12 or 24 o C beyond 180 minutes. The required dilution could be readily achieved by initially mixing the processed seawater 1:10 with background seawater and pumping that back into the ocean at depth though a diffuser. A diffuser should be able to achieve a further 100 fold dilution within meters of the diffuser depending on currents. These conclusions are based on the two sets of experiments that addressed the variables of temperature and time, but did not address turbulent mixing directly. However all experiments included a 5 minute shaking period at the beginning which may represent the mixing that will occur when the slurry is pumped to the surface. 21
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Page 12 and 13: Centre for Environmental Contaminan
Page 14 and 15: Centre for Environmental Contaminan
Page 17: Appendix 9 Elutriate Testing Report
Page 20 and 21: Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3
Page 22 and 23: These elutriate tests were designed
Page 24 and 25: 2. An aliquot(s) of sample after ce
Page 26 and 27: Table 1: pH, redox (Eh), conductivi
Page 28 and 29: 1440 minutes which is also consiste
Page 30 and 31: Concentration (ppb) 250.0 200.0 150
Page 32 and 33: Concentration (ug/kg ore) (log scal
Page 34 and 35: Zinc sulfide is the most soluble of
Page 36 and 37: Table 5: Major ions in 0.45 !m filt
Page 40: 5. References ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000)
Page 43 and 44: Appendix 2: Phase 1: Metal concentr
Page 45 and 46: Appendix 4: Phase 1: Normalised dat
Page 47 and 48: Appendix 6: Phase 2: Quality contro
Page 49: Appendix 8: Metal concentrations in
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MODELLING THE DISPERSION AND SETTLE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMA
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2 MODELLING METHODOLOGY AND DATA 2.
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2.3 The SSFATE Model Sediment dispe
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Earth Mechanics Institute of the Co
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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The calcul
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Table 3.1. Summary of areas covered
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Figure 3.3b. Sediment bottom thickn
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Figure 3.3d. Sediment bottom thickn
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4 REFERENCES Swanson J.C., Isaji T.
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MODELLING THE DISPERSION OF THE RET
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMA
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Given the range of tidal and basin
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dispersion is modelled using a rand
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Figure 2.1. Data from the ADCP at 6
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2.5 Outfall Configuration and Assum
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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Diluti
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Figure 3.1. Snapshot in time of a
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5.0 km at any time during the disch
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Figure 3.2. The expected (or averag
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Figure 3.4 A zoomed in comparison o
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5 REFERENCES Bear, J. and Verruijt,
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Rusin J., Lunel T. and Davies L., 1
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Prediction of underwater noise asso
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction ..
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1 Introduction This report presents
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2 Methods 2.1! Source modelling Cav
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dB re 1uPa @ 1m 200 195 190 185 180
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Figure 3. Source location for the s
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Depth (m) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
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Figure 7. Plots of predicted receiv
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Figure 9. Zoomed view of plots of p
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Figure 11. Predicted maximum level
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for computing a is given in Fisher
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ecent studies have indicated that c
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sources to close range, and that th
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masking ranges for different marina
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References Fisher, F. H., Simmons,
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Appendix 14 The Potential for Natur
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'leaky' and recent lava flows have
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iii.) Incrementally these 1 m swath
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Appendix 15 Stakeholder Consultatio
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Environmental Impact Statement Solw
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Wewak (22 October 2007) Not recorde
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San Diego (17-18 April 2008) Enviro
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