Appendices 5-13 - Nautilus Cares - Nautilus Minerals

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The noise is likely to be audible to marine animals at ranges in excess of 600 km in directions unimpeded by land or shallow water depths (to the west in this case), however levels will be insufficient to produce physiological effects such as temporary threshold shifts at any range, except perhaps in the immediate vicinity of the vessel (within tens of metres). To put this audibility range in context it is important to note that long range sound propagation in the ocean is common for both natural and man-made sounds. For example, low frequency sounds produced by the nearby North Su subsea volcano are likely to be audible for thousands of kilometres, and other seismic events such as earthquakes can produce sounds that are well above ambient noise levels at ranges of thousands to tens of thousands of kilometres. In the case of man-made sources, sounds produced by airgun arrays during seismic surveys have been recorded by the authors at ranges of several thousand kilometres. Marine mammals are likely to avoid the vessel at ranges of approximately 15 km, and may suffer signal masking effects at similar ranges. However, some animals may also be attracted to the vessel, and the avoidance range is likely to reduce over time as animals habituate to the vessel's presence. An analysis of the production and propagation of noise from the subsea mining machine and the potential impacts of these noise levels on marine mammals has not been carried out due to a lack of information about the machine's likely source characteristics. The noise produced by this device needs to be considered in the context of the operation being carried out approximately 1 km from an active subsea volcano, which is itself likely to be a major source of low frequency underwater sound. 28
References Fisher, F. H., Simmons, V. P., "Sound absorption in sea water", J. Acoust. Soc. America, 62 (3), September 1977. Hamilton, E. L. (1980), "Geoacoustic modelling of the sea floor", J. Acoust. Soc. America, 68 (5), Nov. 1980, pp 1313-1340. Jensen, F. B., Kuperman, W. A., Porter, M. B., Schmidt, H., (2000) Computational Ocean Acoustics, Springer-Verlag, N.Y., 2000, ISBN 1-56396-209-8 McCauley, R. D. (1998), "Radiated Underwater Noise Measured from the Drilling Rig Ocean General, Rig Tenders Pacific Ariki and Pacific Frontier, Fishing Vessel Reef Venture, and Natural Sourses in the Timor Sea, Northern Australia". Centre for Marine Science and Technology Report C98-20, 1998. McCauley, R.D., Cato, D.H., Jeffery, A.F. (1996). "A study of the impacts of vessel noise on humpback whales in Hervey Bay." Prepared for Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage, Maryborough, Queensland, 137 pp. McCauley, R.D., Jenner, C., Bannister J.L., Burton, C.L.K., Cato, D.H., Duncan, A. (2001). "Blue whale calling in the Rottnest trench - 2000", Western Australia. Prepared for Environment Australia, from Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, R2001-6, 55 pp. 51 fig. Available http://www.cmst.curtin.edu.au National Research Council, committee on characterising biologically significant marine mammal behaviour (2005), "Marine mammal populations and ocean noise, determining when noise causes biologically significant effects", National Academies Press. Richardson, W.J., Greene, Jr., C.R., Malme, C.I., Thomson, D.H. (1995). Marine mammals and noise. Academic Press, San Diego Ross, D, Mechanics of Underwater Noise, Peninsula publishing, 1987, ISBN 0-932146- 16-3. Simpson, S.D., Meekan, M.G., McCauley, R.D., Jeffs, A. (2005) "Homeward Sound." Science 308 p. 221 29
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Project director David Gwyther Proj
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Appendix 8 Juvenile Amphipod Whole
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10-day Survival of M. plumulosa Pag
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Centre for Environmental Contaminan
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Centre for Environmental Contaminan
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Appendix 9 Elutriate Testing Report
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Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3
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These elutriate tests were designed
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2. An aliquot(s) of sample after ce
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Table 1: pH, redox (Eh), conductivi
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1440 minutes which is also consiste
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Concentration (ppb) 250.0 200.0 150
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Concentration (ug/kg ore) (log scal
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Zinc sulfide is the most soluble of
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Table 5: Major ions in 0.45 !m filt
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3.5 Comparison to ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2
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5. References ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000)
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Appendix 2: Phase 1: Metal concentr
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Appendix 4: Phase 1: Normalised dat
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Appendix 6: Phase 2: Quality contro
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Appendix 8: Metal concentrations in
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MODELLING THE DISPERSION AND SETTLE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMA
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2 MODELLING METHODOLOGY AND DATA 2.
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2.3 The SSFATE Model Sediment dispe
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Earth Mechanics Institute of the Co
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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The calcul
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Table 3.1. Summary of areas covered
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4 REFERENCES Swanson J.C., Isaji T.
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MODELLING THE DISPERSION OF THE RET
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMA
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Page 207 and 208: Prediction of underwater noise asso
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Page 217 and 218: Figure 3. Source location for the s
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Page 227 and 228: for computing a is given in Fisher
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Page 237: Appendix 14 The Potential for Natur
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Page 242 and 243: iii.) Incrementally these 1 m swath
Page 247: Appendix 15 Stakeholder Consultatio
Page 250 and 251: Environmental Impact Statement Solw
Page 256 and 257: Wewak (22 October 2007) Not recorde
Page 258: San Diego (17-18 April 2008) Enviro
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