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e) Classification of the deadjectival and denominal Vs into semantic paraphrases 34 : A → [en+A]V Trans [+c] [-c-m] ‘to make A’ Enable (able), endear (dear), enfeeble (feeble), enlarge (large), ennoble (noble), enrich (rich), and ensure (sure). N→ [en+N]V A) Trans [+c] (usually [+c+m]) [-c-m] ‘to put something around/in/onto/towards N’ Location Vs. Encapsulate (capsule), encase (case), encode (code), encyst (cyst), engorge (gorge), engulf (gulf), enlist (list), enmesh (mesh), enplane (plane), enrobe (robe), enshrine (shrine), enshroud (shroud), ensile (silo), ensnare (snare), enthrone (throne), entomb (tomb), entrain (train), entrance (trance), entrap (trap), entrench (trench), and enurn (urn). Intermediate Vs which have meanings related to the prefixed Vs (A.1): Engorge (gorge), enlist (list), enmesh (mesh), ensnare (snare), entrap (trap), entrain (train), and entrench (trench). Intermediate Vs which have the same meaning as the prefixed Vs (A.2): Encode (code), enrobe (robe), enshrine (shrine), enshroud (shroud), enthrone (throne), entrance (trance), and enurn (urn). B) Trans [+c] (usually [+c+m]) [-c-m] ‘to put N around/in/into/on something somebody’ Locatum Vs. Encircle (circle), encompass (compass), encrust (crust), endanger (danger), enfold (fold), enforce (force), engirdle (girdle), engraft (graft), enlighten (light), enrage (rage), entrust (trust), and envenom (venom). → [+c] (usually [+c+m]) [-c-m] ‘to give N’ (=’to put N in somebody’) Encourage (courage), enfeoff (fief), enfranchise (franchise), enrapture (rapture), and entitle (title). 34 Unlike the Catalan classification, the intermediate forms in the English classification have not been provided with the direction of derivation. The dictionaries did not allow me to see which form came first most of the time. 81
Intermediate Vs which have meanings related to the prefixed Vs (B.1): Encompass (compass), encrust (crust), enfold (fold), enforce (force), engirdle (girdle), enlighten (light), enrage (rage), and entrust (trust). Intermediate Vs which have the same meaning as the prefixed Vs (B.2): Encircle (circle), engraft (graft), enfranchise (franchise), and entitle (title). A/B) Some verbs fit into either group (A or B): Although all ‘locative’ verbs have been placed either in group (A) or (B), some could be argued to belong to both groups. For instance, consider the verb encrypt (crypt), encipher (cipher), entangle (tangle), and enwrap (wrap). Intermediate Vs which have meanings related to the prefixed Vs (A/B.1): Entangle (tangle). Intermediate Vs which have the same meaning as the prefixed Vs (A/B.2): Encipher (cipher), and enwrap (wrap). C) N as a result ‘to make N’ Vs of creation Encamp (camp), encash (cash), enslave (slave), and envision (vision). Intermediate Vs which have meanings related to the prefixed Vs (C.1): Envision (vision) Intermediate Vs which have the same meaning as the prefixed Vs (C.2): Encamp (camp), encash (cash), and enslave (slave). 82
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Argument Structure and Morphology:
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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2a) are typically category-changing
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(5) a. dobbelenV ‘to gamble’ Ag
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2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND This secti
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how the marking procedures work and
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As for the treatment of reflexives
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The fact that the suffix -ize forms
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may be considered negative by some,
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First, the classification of suffix
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unknown to derivation. 16 This is w
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3 RESEARCH METHODS Dictionaries hav
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To confirm the results from the dic
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‘A boat crossed the Atlantic’ (
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form (endur-se
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(32) V {[+c]1, [-c-m]2} / \ en V {[
Page 33 and 34: . Ell encaputxà la Maria. He EN-ho
Page 35 and 36: (39) coixíN ‘cushion’ R encoix
Page 37 and 38: Although the dictionary lists the u
Page 39 and 40: (45) a. The people outside chanted
Page 41 and 42: a. The reporter enlarged the pictur
Page 43 and 44: syllables), and strengthenV/lengthe
Page 45 and 46: (58) a. caseN R b. encaseV [+c] [-c
Page 47 and 48: meaning (e.g. list, trench), which
Page 49 and 50: 4.3 Discussion This section is main
Page 51 and 52: the speaker intended on that occasi
Page 53 and 54: had no function to perform, i.e. th
Page 55 and 56: HK’s treatment of deadjectival Vs
Page 57 and 58: 5 CONCLUSIONS In this thesis, I con
Page 59 and 60: As for the remark made by several a
Page 61 and 62: a) V-to-enV Enact (act) 1 When a go
Page 63 and 64: Entreat 1 If you entreat someone to
Page 65 and 66: Enrich (rich) 1 To enrich something
Page 67 and 68: ORIGIN: not given. Cipher (n.) 1 A
Page 69 and 70: Enfold (fold) 1 If something enfold
Page 71 and 72: Lighten 2 (v.) 1 When something lig
Page 73 and 74: ORIGIN C19: from Spanish, via L. fr
Page 75 and 76: Derivative: entrapment. ORIGIN C16:
Page 77 and 78: d) This section presents those Vs w
Page 79 and 80: ORIGIN ME: from OFr. enduire, partl
Page 81 and 82: Ensconce (sconce) (often ensconce o
Page 83: Velop: non-existing. Environ formal
Page 87 and 88: A → [en+A]V Transitive [+c] [-c-m
Page 89 and 90: B) Trans [+c] (usually [+c+m]) [-c-
Page 91 and 92: Tela → telar → entelar Verí
Page 93 and 94: Appendix C This appendix includes t
Page 95 and 96: Results: English questionnaire When
Page 97 and 98: Results: Catalan questionnaire Of a
Page 99 and 100: Di Sciullo, A. M. 1997. “Prefixed
Page 101 and 102: Marantz, A. 1997. “No Escape from
Page 103: Varela, S. (ed.). 1993. La formaci
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