FORMAL COMPLAINT - Sweden Confidential

United Nations petition — incomplete report
cose by ATP and regenerates ADP for the creatine kinase), creatine kinase and
adenylate kinase item the intermediate properties of phosphoenolpyruvate*
(*central in the conversion of phosphoglycerate to pyruvate — CH3COCOOH.
The pyruvic acid is thus converted to acetyl coenzyme A in which form it may
be regarded as the origin of the tricarboxylic acid cycle — also termed ―Krebs‘
cycle‖ or ―citric acid cycle‖; a cyclical series biochemical reactions where the
two-carbon acetyl coenzyme A initially interacts with the four-carbon oxaloace-
tate to yield the six-carbon citrate and to liberate coenzyme A. The actual
reaction is catalyzed by citrate synthase, and via interconversions of various
carboxylic acids the acetyl coenzyme A formed from pyruvate finally is
completely oxidized to carbon dioxide.)
While the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl coenzyme A
(taking place within the mitochondria where electron transport by way of the
respiratory chain generates a proton gradient across the cytosolic side of the
inner, mitochondrial membrane) marks the commonly accepted nexus between
glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the concomitant and stepwise
circulatory oxidations where hydrogen atoms or electrons are removed from
intermediate compounds etc quantitatively represents the major, degradative
pathway for the generation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (as a
matter of fact the oxidation of each nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide molecule
is coupled to the formation of three ATP molecules, while accompanying
oxidation of flavin adenine dinucleotide begets two molecules of ATP — this
way each turn of the cycle may lead to the production of 11 ATP molecules
[counting the molecule in, we may calculate the ―net yield‖ to 12 ATP molecules
per molecule of acetyl coenzyme A and — additionally — oxidation of the
two pyruvate molecules derived from fragmentation of glucose has given us two
ATP molecules.....and the cycle also generates one molecule of guanosine
triphosphate equivalent to one ATP molecule; we may thus conclude that the
aerobic oxidation of two pyruvate molecules makes available to the cell at least
15 times more ATP per molecule of glucose catabolized than is produced
anaerobically. Nevertheless; acetyl coenzyme A doesn‘t exclusively arise from
the oxidation of pyruvate, but also from that of fats and several amino acid comprising
proteins]!)
All in all we may correctly state that the oxidative phosphorylation where electrons
from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or flavin adenine dinucleotide are
transferred to carbon dioxide by electron carriers is responsible for the generation
of roughly 90 percent of the ATP molecules formed when glucose is
completely oxidized to CO2/H2O — and this process is thus, by far, the major
source of ATP in aerobic organisms.
Otherwise the rate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle is adjusted to meet frequently
changing needs for cellular ATP, and the actual turnover of ATP is typically
very high; an athlete weighing 100 kilos won‘t do a lot of physical exercising or
heavy manual labor before he‘ve consumed his own body weight — or more —
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FORMAL COMPLAINT VS THE KINGDOM OF NORWAY
by Wilh. Werner WINTHER, Norway
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