Cecropiaceae: Coussapoa and Pourouma, with an ... - CNCFlora

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Distribution and Ecology ruginea, P. formicarum, P. herrerensis, P. myrmecophila, P. napoensis, P. ovata, P. phaeotricha, as well as P. bicolor subsp. tessmannii, P. mollis subsp. triloba, and P. tomentosa subspp. apiculata, persecta, and tomentosa. A concentration of taxa is found in the north-western part of this region. (b) The Guiana (or Guayana) region, the Lower Amazon Basin (Brazil: eastern Para and Amapa), including an extension to eastern Brazil, with the following taxa confined or distinctly connected to this area: Pourouma bolivarensis, P. saulensis, as well as P. bicolor subsp. digitata, P. melinonii subsp. melinonii, P. mollis subsp. mollis, P. tomentosa subsp. essequiboensis and subsp. Pourouma shows many morphological simimaroniensis, and P. velutina. larities to the African genus Myrianthus (with 7 (c) The Pacific Coastal region (Colombia and species), revised by de Ruiter (1976). The sim- Ecuador) to Panama, with extensions to Gua- ilarities are found in the habit, the leaf shape and temala and through northern Colombia to north- dimension and their infraspecific variation, and western Venezuela, with Pourouma hirsutipetio- the (variable) length of the petiole. Furthermore, lata, P. oraria, P. bicolor subsp. chocoana and the staminate inflorescences show similarities, subsp. scobina, and P. melinonii subsp. glabrata. but the pistillate ones are different, as they are The features of the East-Brazilian populations capitate in Myrianthus, where the pistillate flowof P. guianensis, P. mollis, and P. velutina, re- ers are sessile and clustered in a single head. Both semble those of the material of the same species genera are macrospermous in contrast to the othin the Lower Amazon Basin and adjacent parts er genera of the Cecropiaceae. The two genera of the Guianas. also show strong ecological similarities and are Pourouma bicolor, P. melinonii, P. mollis and found in similar types of habitat. These two gen- P. tomentosa have one (or two) morphologically era may also be regarded not only as genetically distinct entities (subspecies) distinctly connected related but also as the most primitive among the with the Guiana (Lowland) region and the ad- Cecropiaceae. jacent part of the Amazon Basin. In P. bicolor The leaves of some taxa, Pourouma cecropiand P. melinonii one or two disjunct subspecies ifolia and P. aspera subsp. digitata, resemble those occur in the third center of the genus and in P. of Cecropia because of the great number of inguianensis a disjunct subspecies occurs in north- cisions, but the leaves are never peltate as they ern Venezuela. always are in Cecropia. Leaves of some other In the wide-spread species the material in the taxa resemble leaves of some Coussapoa species Upper Amazon Basin is morphologically more (see p. 5). variable than in the other parts of their distribution ranges. Pourouma cucura shares this trait. Systematic In Arrangement most parts of the distribution range of Pouof the rouma the taxa (even those at the Species subspecific level) can be recognized, and well-collected ma- On the basis of overall similarities, several terial of adult specimens can readily be identi- groups of species can be recognized. Not all fied. In contrast, the situation in the Upper Am- species can be placed with certainty into one of azon Basin, especially in its northwestern part, them, however, as the staminate inflorescences is rather unclear with regard to the delimitation are not known (as in P. bolivarensis, P. saulensis, of subspecies (even species in some cases). In and P. stipulacea). several species (e.g., P. bicolor, P. mollis, P. to- One group of species is characterized by havmentosa) morphologically aberrant collections ing the tepals of the staminate flower almost enhave been made, e.g., in the valley of the Rio tirely connate, forming an urceolate infundibu- Santiago (Peru, Amazonas). liform perianth with the filaments of the stamens 115 In some cases (P. cucura and P. tomentosa subsp. persecta) the present data suggest the oc- currence of a disjunction between populations in the southwestern part and those in the northwestern part of the Amazon Basin. The genus appears to be underrepresented in a zone from southeastern to northwestern Para largely consisting of'mata de cip6' and north of the Rio Solim6es of patches of'campos de terra firme' (Pires, 1973). A similar disjunctive gap is found in Coussapoa (see p. 10). Systematic Position of the Genus
116 Flora Neotropica longer than the tepals. The staminate flowers are the fleshy (mesocarp-like) inner layer of the periusually clustered in distinct, terminal, globose anth strongly resembles that ofgrapes. P. cecropiheads. The arachnoid indument often occurs on ifolia (Amazon grape, uva, uvilla, imbauiba do the lateral veins of the lamina beneath or also vinho) is one of the taxa mentioned in "Underon other parts, such as the stipules. The lamina exploited Tropical Plants with Promising Ecois usually smooth above. The leaves are entire nomic Value" (National Academy of Sciences, or palmately incised. The basal part of the leaf Washington, D.C., 1975). P. cecropiifolia can start margin is formed by the basal part of the basal reproducing (thus forming fruits) a few years after lateral vein in all (or most?) species. Pourouma planting, as small trees. Other Pourouma species mollis, P. melinonii, P. hirsutipetiolata, P. to- may have fruits as tasty as those of P. cecropimentosa, P. herrerensis, and P. napoensis com- ifolia, but the fleshy mesocarp-like layer is usuprises this group, as may P. acuminata and P. ally thinner and many of them become mediumstipulacea, of which the staminate flowers are sized trees before fruiting. Pourouma cecropistill unknown. ifolia fruits are used to make a sweet wine. For About equally well-defined is a group formed a detailed study on the reproduction and propby Pourouma myrmecophila, P. formicarum, and erties of the fruits of P. cecropiifolia see Falcao P. phaeotricha, in which the laminae are mostly and Lleras (1980). scabrous above. The staminate flowers, with (almost) free tepals and short filaments, are clus- Taxonomy tered in distinct, terminal, globose heads. The hairs of the tepals and the stigma are long (com- Pourouma Aublet, Hist. pl. Guiane 2: 891. 1775; pared with other species). The lamina is entire Tr6cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., Ser. 3, 8: 100. or 3-lobed and the tendency toward entire leaves 1847; Miquel in Martius, Fl. bras. 4(1): 122. is strong. The base of the petiole of P. myrme- 1853; Bentham in Bentham & Hooker, Gen. cophila and P. formicarum is swollen and sac- pi. 3(1): 357. 1880; Baillon, Hist. pl. 6: 141. cate. These two species are myrmecophilous. 1875-1876; Engler in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Less well-defined is a group of species in which Pflanzenfam. 3(1): 95. 1889; Benoist, Arch. the lamina is usually scabrous and/or has more Bot. Mem. 5: 29. 1931; Woodson & Schery, than 7 incisions. The staminate flowers are more Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47: 165. 1960. Berg or less clustered, but not in globose heads. In in Lanjouw & Stoffers, Fl. Suriname 5(1): 265. most of the species the lamina is incised. This 1975. Burger, Fieldiana Bot. 40: 200. 1977; group is formed by Pourouma guianensis, P. as- Berg & van Heusden, Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. pera, P. velutina, P. cucura, P. cuspidata, and P. Wetensch., Ser. C., 91(2): 105. (1988). Type cecropiifolia. species. Pourouma guianensis Aublet. The rest of the species cannot be satisfactorily Trees, terrestrial, often with stilt-roots. Leaves grouped, except for pairs of species showing more in spirals, entire or or palmately incised, less distinct margin similarities, such as Pourouma entire to subcrenate; stipules fused, minor and P. bolivarensis or fully am- P. ovata and P. plexicaul. Inflorescences in the leaf axils, saulensis. mostly in pairs, branched (or to subumbellate in pistil- Pourouma ovata and P. ferruginea both have late inflorescences), pistillate inflorescences with mostly ebracteate, somevery long peduncles. times bracteate; staminate flowers sessile or But they are so different in other pedfeatures that icellate, this tepals (3-)4, free or similarity appears not connate; stamens to indicate common (3-)4, origin, but mostly free, sometimes connate; rather a similar pistillate adaptation (to dis- flowers pedicellate, perianth tubular; ovary free, persal by bats?). stigma (sub)peltate or sometimes-knob-like. Fruit an achene, large, surrounded by the enlarged, Uses more or less fleshy perianth with a purplish to blackish or red-brown outer Most, if not all, Pourouma species have edible layer at full matufruits. As far as known, only P. cecropiifolia is rity; seed without endosperm, embryo straight, cultivated as a fruit tree, however. The taste of cotyledons thick, radicle short.
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Organization for Flora Neotropica C
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Copyright ? 1990 The New York Botan
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2 Flora Neotropica ABSTRACT Berg, C
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4 Flora Neotropica COUSSAPOA Engler
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6 Flora Neotropica Ni 3 4 5 FIG. 1.
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8 Flora Neotropica 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a
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10 Flora Neotropica silicified oute
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12 Flora Neotropica v* r r'^S'9n 7
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1.trinervia *C.villosa Poeppig 6 En
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16 Flora Neotropica Table I Extreme
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18 Flora Neotropica 11. Lamina and
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20 Flora Neotropica anth; pistillat
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22 Flora Neotropica 66. Arachnoid h
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24 Flora Neotropica 2. Key to the C
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26 Flora Neotropica 3. Lateral vein
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28 Flora Neotropica 1. Interfloral
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30 10 Sep 1965 (st), Van Donselaar
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32 Flora Neotropica c. FIG. 12. Cou
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34 Flora Neotropica Key to the Subs
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36 Flora Neotropica 4b. Coussapoa a
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38 Flora Neotropica (MO); Dto. Anto
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40 Flora Neotropica FIG. 16. Coussa
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A' .. . FIG. 17. Coussapoa brevipes
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44 Flora Neotropica This species re
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46 Flora Neotropica 1 cm FIG. 20. C
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48 Flora Neotropica tion plane; pet
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50 Flora Neotropica This species ha
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52 Flora Neotropica I 1 cm FIG. 24.
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54 2 ~ ? I wo t :1cm Flora Neotropi
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56 Flora Neotropica G. 27. oussapoa
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58 Flora Neotropica to subsericeous
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60 cm1 2 I! 1 Flora Neotropica FIG.
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FIG. 31. Coussapoa latifolia: 1, le
Page 67 and 68: 64 Flora Neotropica FG2 3,si1e tg t
Page 69 and 70: 66 Flora Neotropica Distribution (F
Page 71 and 72: FIG.c3.m cousapoa anuenss 1 leves s
Page 73 and 74: 70 Flora Neotropica berulous to hir
Page 75 and 76: FIG. 37. Coussapoa microcephala: ss
Page 77 and 78: 74 Flora Neotropica ~.I. FIG. 38. C
Page 79 and 80: 76 Flora Neotropica FIG. 39. Coussa
Page 81 and 82: 78 Flora Neotropica ?~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~
Page 83 and 84: 80 Specimens studied. MEXICO. TABAS
Page 85 and 86: 82 Flora Neotropica ing the margin
Page 87 and 88: 84 Flora Neotropica Coussapoa hirsu
Page 89 and 90: 86 Specimens studied. BRAZIL. BAHIA
Page 91 and 92: FIG. 46. Coussapoa parvifolia: 1, l
Page 93 and 94: 90 Flora Neotropica and Mocari, 150
Page 95 and 96: 92 1cm Flora Neotropica FIG. 49. Co
Page 97 and 98: 94 Flora Neotropica FIG. 51. Coussa
Page 99 and 100: 2 1cm FIG. 52. Coussapoa trinervia:
Page 101 and 102: FG53 Cosaovanfla1leftwgwtstmntifoec
Page 103 and 104: 100 Flora Neotropica FIG. 54. Couss
Page 105 and 106: 102 Flora Neotropica 27336 (F, US).
Page 107 and 108: 104 Flora Neotropica Loja, 1800 m,
Page 110 and 111: Coussapoa 107 FXG. 56. Coussapoafil
Page 112 and 113: Coussapoa FIG. 57. Coussapoa tolime
Page 114 and 115: Morphology ent revision, especially
Page 116 and 117: Morphology; Phenology; Pollination
Page 120 and 121: Pourouma 117 Key to the Species and
Page 122 and 123: Pourouma 119 35. Leafy twigs hirsut
Page 124 and 125: Pourouma 121 65. Arachnoid hairs co
Page 126 and 127: Pourouma 123 white-arachnoid indume
Page 128 and 129: Pourouma125 restal "La Paragua," Ri
Page 130 and 131: Pourouma127 LE, MO, NY, P, S, U, US
Page 132 and 133: Pourouma ~ I I MINISTERIO DE AGRICU
Page 134 and 135: Pourouma 131 '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Page 136 and 137: Pourouma 133 3. Smaller veins (reti
Page 138 and 139: Pourouma 135 1953 (st), Steyermark
Page 140 and 141: Pourouma 137 of the species range t
Page 142 and 143: Pourouma 139 This subspecies resemb
Page 144 and 145: Pourouma 15520 (F, GH, NY), (9), Cu
Page 146 and 147: _' "( O^^Jgy -' i biccoolr P. bicol
Page 148 and 149: Pourouma 145 ,J, ? ^T \Sr~~u. I . .
Page 150 and 151: Pourouma 147 Rio Jurua, Marary, 8 O
Page 152 and 153: Pourouma (U), 17 Feb 1980 (6), Berg
Page 154 and 155: Pourouma ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..
Page 156 and 157: Pourouma 153 FG R.: 17. 411... . ur
Page 158 and 159: Pourouma 155 long, yellow-velutinou
Page 160 and 161: .? P. cucura P. cuspidats GP. 7rorP
Page 162 and 163: Pourouma159 Pourouma triloba Klotzs
Page 164 and 165: Pourouma 161 between Rio Chicanan a
Page 166 and 167: Pourouma 163 FIG. FLORA 76 Prom mn
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Pourouma 165 m.m,--- * _ . 1 2'. A
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+ AJ ++ P O R O ULMA tomentosa. FIG
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Pourouma 169 Varadouro do Morcego,
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Pourouma qlq, _ j PIF P. t osantosa
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Pourouma 173 465 (P); Trois Sauts,
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Pourouma 175 I0711~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Pourouma 177 Specimens examined. VE
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Pourouma 11 '.ciLnnr'.mon-lik 2 3 4
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Pourouma 181 the areoles; lateral v
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Pourouma 183 Ak~~~~~~~~~~~~?IIk i.
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Pourouma 185 I I STPE ,E Fn CL1 |SO
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Pourouma 187 . . . FIG. 91. Pouroum
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Pourouma 189 upper Rio Madre de Dio
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Pourouma 191 bi f In i FIG. 92. Pou
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Pourouma (BG), 9 Dec 1977 (d), Gent
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Literature Cited 195 and distributi
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Exsiccatae 197 e. subsp. chocoana (
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Exsiccatae Dombey, J., s.n. (1-42).
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Exsiccatae 201 Korning, J. et al.,
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Exsiccatae 20); 15764 (1-40); 15791
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Exsiccatae 205 Weberbauer, A., 3639
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Index of Scientific Names 207 conto
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Cecropiaceae: Coussapoa and Pourouma, with an ... - CNCFlora

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