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110 cumstances of isolation of Bahig and Matruh viruses in Italy seemed to confirm this hypothesis. Sandfly-borne virus During World War Il, an outbreak of febrile illness occurred among USA military troops in Southern ltaly. From the blood of some patients, Sabin isolated two strains of viruses, the Sandfly Fever Naples virus and the Sandfly Fever Sicilian virus (Sabin et al., 1944). Since then, the two agents have been isolated from the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi in several Mediterranean countries. Their circulation in Italy was probably terminated after the antimalaric campaign conducted in the late forties. In 1973, a new virus (Toscana virus), serologically related to the Sandfly Fever Naples virus, was isolated from a pool of P. perniciosus sandflies collected in the Tuscany region (Verani et al., 1980). The Toscana virus has been associated with human acute CNS disease occurring during the period June-October with a peak in August (in the same month its vector sandflies have their peak of activity). The virus is present in at least eight different regions of Central and Northern Italy (Tuscany, Marche, Abruzzo, Emilia Romagna, Umbria, Piedmont, Campania and Sardinia). The virus is largely diffuse: high levels of antibodies against Toscana virus have been found in healthy populations of endemic areas, suggesting that the virus can also be the cause of an infection with only minor symptoms of disease. More than 100 different strains have been isolated from wild-caught sand flies of the P. perniciosus and P. perfiliewi species, and several strains have also been isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of patients. (Nicoletti et al, 1991) Two more viruses have been isolated from the same sand flies in the same areas: the Phlebovirus Arbia and the Vesiculovirus Radi. The Arbia virus is largely diffuse in the sand fly populations but only low levels of antibodies have been found in humans and no disease could be associated with its infection (Verani et al., 1988). Little work has been done with the Radi virus. The virus has been isolated several times from sand flies but no antibodies have been found in humans and no human disease has been associated with it (Ciufolini et al., 1990). Tick-borne viruses TBE-virus. The first evidence of the presence of the TBE virus in Italy was obtained in 1967 on the basis of serologic surveys in Northern (Gorizia province) and Central Italy (Latina province) (Balducci et al., 1967; Verani et al., 1967). Subsequently, extensive studies were performed in Central and Northern Italy. Acute infection of central nervous system (CNS) disease were diagnosed in the Florence province of Toscana Region and in Trentino-Alto Adige, Friuli and Veneto where L. Nicoletti et al. - Arbovirus in Italy the most active focus is present. Field studies in these areas allowed for isolation of strains of TBE virus from pools of Ixodes ricinus ticks and from Apodemus sylvaticus mouse (Verani et al, 1991). Bhanja virus. Bhanja virus (an ungrouped tick-borne virus) was repeatedly isolated from pools of Haemaphysalis punctata collected collected in Central Italy (in 1967 and 1973 in the Latina province, in 1977 in the Florence province). Serologic evidence of the circulation of this virus has been obtained in many areas of Northern, Central and Southern Italy. The highest prevalence was found in goats and sheep, but low levels of antibodies were also found in cattle, humans, wild rodents and birds. No human disease has been associated with this virus in our country. (Verani et al, 1970) Tribec virus. The Orbivirus Tribec was isolated from Rhipicephalus bursa ticks collected in 1972 in Northern Italy (Gorizia province) and in 1977 in CentraI Italy (Siena province). No serologic survey on its distribution has been performed (Verani et al., 1978). Thogoto virus. The Orthomyxovirus Thogoto was isolated from R. bursa ticks collected in 1969 in Sicily. The occurrence of antibodies to this virus in sera of cattle and sheep from different zones of Western Sicily has been reported (Albanese et al., 1971; 1972). References Albanese M, Bruno Smiraglia C, Di Cuonzo G, Lavagnino A and Srihongse S (1972). Isolation of Thogoto virus from Rhipicephalus bursa ticks in Western Sicily. Acta Virol 16: 267. Albanese M, Di Cuonzo G, Randazzo G, Srihongse S and Tringali G (1971). Survey for arbovirus antibodies in domestic animals of Western Sicily. Ann Sclavo 13: 641-647. Autorino GL, Battisti A, Deubel V, Ferrari G, Forletta R, Giovannini A, Lelli R, Murri S, Scicluna MT. West Nile virus epidemic in horses, Tuscany region, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. (2002) 12:1372-1378. Balducci M, Verani P, Lopes MC and Gregorig B (1967). Survey for antibodies against arthropod-borne viruses in man and animals in Italy. II. Serologic status of human beings in a Northern Italian region (Gorizia province). Am J Trop Med Hyg 16: 2111-2115. Balducci M, Verani P, Lopes MC and Gregorig B. (1973): Isolation in Italy of Bahig and Matruh viruses (Tete group) from migratory birds. Ann. Microbiol. (Inst. Pasteur) 124 B, 231-237. Balducci M, Verani P, Lopes MC, Saccà G and Gregorig B (1968). Isolation of Tahyna virus from Aedes mosquitoes in Northern Italy (Gorizia province). Acta Virol 12: 457-459. Ciufolini MG, Maroli M, Miceli N, Nicoletti L, Cecchetti S, Amore R, Percopo S, Verani P (1990). Monitoring of Phlebotominae sandflies-transmitted viruses activity in Marche region (Italy). Arbo Info Exch December 1990 (Newsletter): 58-59. Nicoletti L., Verani P., Caciolli S., Ciufolini M.G., Renzi A., Bartolozzi D., Paci P., Leoncini F., Padovani P., Traini E., Baldereschi M. and Balducci M. Central nervous system involvement during infection by Phlebovirus Toscana of residents in natural foci in Central Italy (1977-1988). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 45: 429-434, 1991 Rezza G , Nicoletti L , Angelini R, Romi R, Finarelli AC, Panning M,
Cordioli P, Fortuna C, Boros S, Magurano F, Silvi G, Angelini P, Dottori M, Ciufolini MG, Majori GC, and Cassone A, for the CHIKV study group. Infection with chikungunya virus in Italy: an outbreak in a temperate region. Lancet (2007) 370: 1840-1846 Sabin AB, Philip CB Paul Jr (1944). Phlebotomus (Pappataci or Sandfly) fever. A disease of military importance. Summary of existing knowledge and preliminary report of original investigations. J Am M Assoc 125: 603-606; 693-699. Verani P, Balducci M, Lopes MC, Alemanno A, Saccà G (1967). Survey for antibodies against arthropod-borne viruses in man and animals in Italy. I. Serologic status of human beings in a Central Italian region (Fondi province). Am J Trop Med Hyg 16:203-210. Verani P, Ciufolini MG, Nicoletti L, Leoncini F, Stefanelli S, Bassetti D, Balducci M (1991). The present knowledge on the distribution of TBE Virus in Italy. Abstract Book 2nd International Symposium on Tick-Borne Encephalitis. Baden, Wien, 6-7 June L. Nicoletti et al. - Arbovirus in Italy 111 1991, 78. Verani P, Balducci M, Lopes MC (1970). Isolation of Bhanja virus in Italy and serologic evidence of its distribution in man and animals of different Italian regions. Folia Parssitol 17:367-374. Verani P, Balducci M, Lopes MC (1978). Isolation of Tribec virus from Ixodes ricinus ticks in Italy. Acta Virol 22: 170. Verani P, Lopes MC, Nicoletti L, Balducci M (1980). Studies on Phlebotomus-transmitted viruses in Italy. Isolation and characterization of a Sandfly-Fever Naples like virus. In: Arboviruses in The Mediterranean Countries (Vesenjak-Hirjan J. Porterfield JS, Arslanagic E, eds) Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp 195- 201. Verani P, Ciufolini MG, Caciolli S, Renzi A, Nicoletti L, Sabatinelli G, Bartolozzi D, Volpi G, Amaducci L, Coluzzi M, Paci P, Balducci M (1988). Ecology of viruses isolated from sandflies in Italy and characterization of a new Phlebovirus (Arbia virus). Am J Trop Med Hyg 38: 433-439.
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PARASSITOLOGIA A publication of the
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P A R A SSIT O L O GIA Founded in 1
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The individual authors take respons
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Parassitologia 50, 2008 RICORDO DEL
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Parassitologia 50: 9-16, 2008 The c
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eceptor subunits move closer togeth
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Chemokines have several functions a
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tion of the brain. Nature 421:744-8
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Parassitologia 50: 17-24, 2008 Epid
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adic or imported cases have been ob
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other EU countries, yet the impact
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Fasciola hepatica. II: La fasciolos
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Parassitologia 50: 25-29, 2008 Arte
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Ferry along the Potomac River. The
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for each of these chemical entities
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SIMPOSIO 1 ZOONOSI PROTOZOARIE: TOX
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36 Many children with congenital to
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38 Health promotion (Primary Preven
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40 infants with CT newly synthesise
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42 References Ades AE, Gilbert R, T
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Parassitologia 50: 45-50, 2008 Clin
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C. Contini - management of toxoplas
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C. Contini - management of toxoplas
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Parassitologia 50: 51-53, 2008 Toxo
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V. Meroni, F. Genco - Toxoplasmosis
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56 A.W. Pfaff, E. Candolfi - Immuno
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58 A.W. Pfaff, E. Candolfi - Immuno
Page 64 and 65: 60 (Kijlstra et al., 2006). Regardi
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Page 70 and 71: 66 C. Cafarchia, D. Otranto - Malas
Page 73 and 74: Parassitologia 50: 69-71, 2008 Skin
Page 75: E. M. Difonzo, E. Faggi - Skin dise
Page 78 and 79: 74 R. Galuppi, M.P. Tampieri - Mala
Page 80 and 81: 76 R. Galuppi, M.P. Tampieri - Mala
Page 82 and 83: 78 Table 1. Current composition of
Page 85 and 86: Parassitologia 50: 81-83, 2008 Diag
Page 87: tribution and population size of Ma
Page 90 and 91: 86 A. Peano, M.G. Gallo - Treatment
Page 92 and 93: 88 A. Peano, M.G. Gallo - Treatment
Page 94 and 95: 90 (vii) Antimycotic properties, pr
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Page 102 and 103: 98 test, whereas for the remaining
Page 104 and 105: 100 pyriproxyfen is twice as biolog
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Page 109 and 110: Parassitologia 50: 105-107, 2008 De
Page 111: B. Cignini et al. - The ten-year ex
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Page 119: for what concern the time of biting
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Page 127: fall recorded in the considered per
Page 130 and 131: 126 Remarks Surprisingly, except fo
Page 132 and 133: 128 Conclusion A. Tamburro - Admini
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Page 138 and 139: 134 approach and SAR studies. DDcl
Page 140 and 141: 136 Program financed by ANTIMAL. S.
Page 142 and 143: 138 A. della Torre et al. - Researc
Page 144 and 145: 140 A. della Torre et al. - Researc
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Page 149: E. Schwarzer et al. - Hemozoin and
Page 152 and 153: 148 geographic distribution in sub-
Page 154 and 155: 150 K.E., Beldjord, C., Nagel, R.L.
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