118 during the past winter season we observed the weekly hatching of few batches of eggs also during the coldest months. Even if the larvae originated from these eggs in outdoor bree<strong>di</strong>ng sites <strong>di</strong>d not survive the low temperatures (but larvae from indoor sites were able to conclude the whole cycle in about 3 weeks) this event represents a clear signal that the characters that may determine the production of winter eggs are going to be deselected or, at least, not favored by the mild temperature of our country, and that the species is going to be active for the whole year round, also due to the pre<strong>di</strong>cted global rise of the mean temperature. Factors that favoured the adaptation of Aedes albopictus to new environments, dynamics of the spread and Chikungunya virus Italy is a long and narrow peninsula exten<strong>di</strong>ng over the Me<strong>di</strong>terranean sea for about 8 degree of latitude. As a consequence of this fact, the seasonal dynamics of the species varies greatly, from 4-5 months of activity recorded in the pre-mountainous northern limits of the Pianura Padana to Rome, where it is quickly going to be active all year round. South of Rome the scarcity of rainfall during the 4 warmest months of the year (usually
Conclusions and recommendations The deep knowledge of vector’s bionomics and behaviors and an efficient system of monitoring the presence and the abundance of the species are two necessary tools for facing Ae. albopictus in case of emergence. Emergency plans to adopt in case of outbreaks should be set up at regional level, following national guidelines and selecting personnel to be prepared to play the relative role in the alert system (Who dose that!). Part of this task may be performed by the ISS where, since 1991 a centre of reference for the surveillance and control of Aedes albopictus in Italy (CNRAA) has been set up by two official administrative acts of the Ministry of Health. References Bellini R., Carrieri M., Burgiò G., Bacchi M. 1996. Efficacy of <strong>di</strong>fferent ovitraps and binomial sampling in Adedes albopictus surveillance activity. . Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 12(4):632-636. Cancrini G., Romi R., Gabrielli S., Toma L., Di Paolo M. and Scaramozzino P. (2003). First fin<strong>di</strong>ng of Dirofilaria repens in a natural population of Aedes albopictus. Me<strong>di</strong>cal and Veterinary Entomology 17, 448-451. D. Fontenille, A. B. Failloux, R. Romi. Should we expect Chikungunya and Dengue in Southern Europe?, 169 -184 In Emerging Pests and vector-borne Deseases in Europe. 2007. W. Takken & B.G.J. Knols. Vol 1. Dalla Pozza G, Majori G. First record of Aedes albopictus establishment in Italy. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1992; 8: 1-3 Dalla Pozza G., Romi R. and Severini C. 1994. Source and sprea<strong>di</strong>ng of Aedes albopictus in the Veneto Region, Italy. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 10: 589-592. Della Torre A., Bomboi C., Cancrini G. 1992. Estensione dell’areale <strong>di</strong> Aedes albopictus in Italia. Primo reperto della specie in Italia centrale. <strong>Parassitologia</strong> 34: 143-146. Ferrarese U. Monitoraggio <strong>di</strong> Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera, Culicidae) Attorno a un focolaio nel comune <strong>di</strong> Rovereto (Trento) 2003. Annali del Museo Civico. Frilli F., Zamburlini R. Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. 2000. Disinfestazione e Igiene Ambientale Hawley WA, Reiter P, Copelani RW, Pumpuni CB, Craig Jr GB.1987. Aedes albopictus in North America: probable introduction in used tires from northern Asia. Science, 236: 1114-1116. Hawley WA. 1988. The biology of Aedes albopictus. J. Am. Mosq. Control Ass. 4 (suppl.): 1-40 Knudsen A.B., Romi R. and Majori G. (1996). Occurrence and spread in Italy of Aedes albopictus, with implications for its introduction into other parts of Europe. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 12: 177-183. Mantega V., Pinna G., Tamburini S. Romi R. (1996). Aedes R. Romi, G. Majori - Fighting against the “Tiger” 119 albopictus in Sardegna. Ambiente Risorse Salute, 45:36-37 Martini S., Drago A., Bizzotto G. 2002. Aedes albopictus a Castelfranco Veneto: una esperienza <strong>di</strong> lotta. Disinfestazione e Igiene Ambientale Porretta D., Gargani M., Bellini R., Calvitti M., Urbanelli S. 2006. Isolation of microsatellite markers in the tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Mol. Ecol. Notes 6 (3), 880-881. Romi R, Proietti S, Di Luca M, Cristofaro M. Laboratory evaluation of the bioinsecticide Spinosad for mosquito control.J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2006 Mar;22(1):93-6. Romi R. (1994). Aedes albopictus in italia: problemi sanitari, strategie <strong>di</strong> controllo e aggiornamento della <strong>di</strong>stribuzione al 30 settembre 1994. Notiziario dell’ Ist. Super. Sanità, 7 (10): 7-11. Romi R. (1994). History and updating on the spread of Aedes albopictus in Italy. <strong>Parassitologia</strong>, 37:99-103 Romi R. (1996). Aedes albopictus in Italy: Control strategies and present <strong>di</strong>stribution. VII European Multicolloquium of Parasitology (EMOP). Parma, 2-6 settembre 1996. Romi R. (1996). Linee guida per la sorveglianza ed il controllo <strong>di</strong> Aedes albopictus in Italia. Rapporti Istisan 96/4. Romi R. 1998. Trend of Aedes albopictus in Italy and monitoring system. Acta Parasitologica Portuguesa, 5: 67. Romi R. 1999. Aedes albopictus in Italia: Implicazioni sanitarie a <strong>di</strong>eci anni dalla prima segnalazione. Giornale It. Med. Trop., 4 (3- 4): 69-73. Romi R. 2001. Aedes albopictus in Italia: un problema sanitario sottovalutato. Annali Ist. Sup. Sanità, 37 (2): 241-248 Romi R. and Majori G. (1994). Aedes albopictus in Italy: an Uptodate of its <strong>di</strong>stribution. VIII International Congress of Parasitology. Izmir, Turkey. 10-14 october. Romi R. e Majori G. 1998. Commercio <strong>di</strong> copertoni usati e importazione <strong>di</strong> zanzare: un aggiornamento della <strong>di</strong>stribuzione <strong>di</strong> Aedes albopictus e Aedes atropalpus in Italia. Notiziario dell’ Istituto Superiore <strong>di</strong> sanità, 11 (6): 1-5. Romi R. Linee guida per la sorveglianza ed il controllo <strong>di</strong> Aedes albopictus in Italia. Rapporti ISTISAN 1996. 96/4, 52 pagg. Romi R., Di Luca M., Raineri W., Pesce M., Rey A., Giovannangeli S., Zanasi F., Bella A. (2000). Laboratory and field evaluation of metallic copper on Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) larval development. Journal of Me<strong>di</strong>cal Entomology, 37(2): 281-285. Romi R., Toma L., Severini F., Di Luca M. (2003). Susceptibility of Aedes albopictus Italian populations to temephos and to other insecticides. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 19(4): 419-423. Sabatini A, Raineri V, Trovato G, Coluzzi M. Aedes albopictus in Italia e possibile <strong>di</strong>ffusione della specie nell’area me<strong>di</strong>terranea. <strong>Parassitologia</strong> 1990; 32: 301-304. Toma L., Severini F., Bella A., Romi R., A semifield evaluation of VECTOBAC® DT (ABG-6499), a new formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis for control of Aedes albopictus. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 19(4):424- 429,2003.
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PARASSITOLOGIA A publication of the
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eceptor subunits move closer togeth
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tion of the brain. Nature 421:744-8
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other EU countries, yet the impact
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Fasciola hepatica. II: La fasciolos
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Ferry along the Potomac River. The
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for each of these chemical entities
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SIMPOSIO 1 ZOONOSI PROTOZOARIE: TOX
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36 Many children with congenital to
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38 Health promotion (Primary Preven
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40 infants with CT newly synthesise
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42 References Ades AE, Gilbert R, T
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Parassitologia 50: 45-50, 2008 Clin
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C. Contini - management of toxoplas
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C. Contini - management of toxoplas
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56 A.W. Pfaff, E. Candolfi - Immuno
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60 (Kijlstra et al., 2006). Regardi
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66 C. Cafarchia, D. Otranto - Malas
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