66 C. Cafarchia, D. Otranto - Malassezia spp. as a pathogenic yeasts (Continuho and Paula, 2000; Mancianti et al, 2001) of which, the latter, could contribute to pruritus as me<strong>di</strong>ators of itch (in Chen and Hill, 2005). Lipases, contribute to produce fatty acids on the skin which can be used by yeasts for nutrition provi<strong>di</strong>ng protection by other inhibiting organisms (in Chen and Hill, 2005). M. pachydermatis also produces phospholipase and a higher phospholipase activity was found in isolates from skin lesion than in strains from healthy skin (Cafarchia and Otranto, 2004). Further stu<strong>di</strong>es demonstrated that β-endorphin (a class of endogenous opioid peptides) induces M. pachydermatis cell <strong>di</strong>fferentiation towards the production or non -production of phospholipase (Cafarchia et al, 2007a). The presence of muopioid receptors on the M. pachydermatis cells and the effect of naloxon (i.e. an opioid antagonist receptor), on the phospholipase activity has been investigated (Cafarchia et al, 2007b) and results in<strong>di</strong>cated that mu opioid receptors are expressed in M. pachydermatis cell walls. The above results suggested that this receptor may be involved in me<strong>di</strong>ating the effects of both opioid agonist (β-endorphin) and antagonist (Naloxon) on phospholipase production of M. pachydermatis thus opening new avenues for topical control of Malassezia lesions. The host, the Malassezia and the Leishmania infantum protozoa. The relationship among the frequency, population size and phospholipase activity of M. pachydermatis was investigated for dogs with (Li + ) and without (Li - ) Leishmania infantum infection. A significantly higher mean population size of M. pachydermatis was cultured from the skin of L + compared with L - dogs. For M. pachydermatis, most phospolipase-producing cultures and the highest phospholipase activity were recorded for L - dogs with lesions and L + dogs without lesions. Although M. pachydermatis was a common commensal on dogs with or without L. infantum infection, L. infantum infection in dogs without skin lesions are associated with increased growth of M. pachydermatis and production of phospholipase in vitro (Cafarchia et al, 2008a). Conclusive remarks The pathogenic role of Malassezia yeasts is related to changes in the normal physical, chemical or immunological mechanisms of the skin which may enhance or down regulate the molecular production of yeast virulence factors or antigens. As an example the chemical composition of Malassezia cell wall (i.e. the expression of mu -opioid receptors) may be strictly related to the chemical composition of the skin (presence of β-endorphin) and may play a fundamental role in influencing the pathogenic or commensal phenotype of Malassezia yeasts. Without any doubt further stu<strong>di</strong>es and researches are needed in this field in order to better understand the complex interactions between Malassezia and host immune system by investigating genomic and proteomic aspects of this relationship. References Anane S, Anane Touzri R, Malouche N, El Aich F, Beltaief O, Zhioua R, Kaouech E, Belhaj S, Kallel K, Jed<strong>di</strong> A, Meddeb Ouertani A, Chaker E (2007). Which is the role of parasites and yeasts in the genesis of chronic blepharitis? Pathol Biol (Paris) 55: 323-7. Batra R, Boekhout T, Gueho E, Cabanes FJ, Dawson TL Jr, Gupta AK (2005). Malassezia Baillon, emerging clinical yeasts. FEMS Yeast Res 5: 1101-13. Belew PW, Rosenberg EW, Jennings BR (1980). Activation of the alternative pathway of complement by Malassezia ovalis (Pityrosporum ovale). Mycopathologia 70: 187-91. Bergbrant IM (1995). Seborrhoeic dermatitis and Pityrosporum yeasts. Curr Top Med Mycol 6: 95-112. Cafarchia C, Dell’Aquila ME, Capelli G, Minoia P, Otranto D (2007a). Role of beta-endorphin on phospholipase production in Malassezia pachydermatis in dogs: new insights into the pathogenesis of this yeast. Med Mycol 45: 11-5. Cafarchia C, Gallo S, Capelli G, Otranto D (2005a). Occurrence and population size of Malassezia spp. in the external ear canal of dogs and cats both healthy and with otitis. Mycopathologia 160: 143-9. Cafarchia C, Gallo S, Danesi P, Capelli G, Para<strong>di</strong>es P, Traversa D, Gasser RB, Otranto D (2008a). Assessing the relationship between Malassezia and leishmaniasis in dogs with or without skin lesions. Acta Trop doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.04.008. Cafarchia C, Gallo S, Dell’Aquila ME, Otranto D (2007b). Effect of Beta–endorphin and Naloxone in modulating phospholipase production in Malassezia pachydermatis from dogs. 3rd Trends in Me<strong>di</strong>cal Mycology 28-31 October, Torino, Italy. Cafarchia C, Gallo S, Romito D, Capelli G, Chermette R, Guillot J, Otranto D (2005b). Frequency, body <strong>di</strong>stribution, and population size of Malassezia species in healthy dogs and in dogs with localized cutaneous lesions. J Vet Diagn Invest 17: 316-22. Cafarchia C, Gasser RB, Latrofa MS, Parisi A, Campbell BE, Otranto D (2008b). Genetic variants of Malassezia pachydermatis from canine skin: body <strong>di</strong>stribution and phospholipase activity. FEMS Yeast Res 8(3): 451-9. Cafarchia C, Latrofa MS, Testini G, Parisi A, Guillot J, Gasser RB, Otranto D (2007c). Molecular characterization of Malassezia isolates from dogs using three <strong>di</strong>stinct genetic markers in nuclear DNA. Mol Cell Probes 21: 229-38. Cafarchia C, Otranto D (2004). Association between phospholipase production by Malassezia pachydermatis and skin lesions. J Clin Microbiol 42: 4868-9. Cafarchia C, Otranto D, Campbell BE, Latrofa MS, Guillot J, Gasser RB (2007d). Multilocus mutation scanning for the analysis of genetic variation within Malassezia (Basi<strong>di</strong>omycota: Malasseziales). Electrophoresis 28: 1176-80. Chen TA, Hill PB (2005). The biology of Malassezia organisms and their ability to induce immune responses and skin <strong>di</strong>sease. Vet Dermatol 16: 4-26. Coutinho SD, Paula CR (2000). Proteinase, phospholipase, hyaluronidase and chondroitin-sulphatase production by Malassezia pachydermatis. Med Mycol 38: 73-6. Guillot J, Bond R (1999). Malassezia pachydermatis: a review.
C. Cafarchia, D. Otranto - Malassezia spp. as a pathogenic yeasts Med Mycol. 37: 295-306. Mancianti F, Rum A, Nardoni S, Corazza M (2001). Extracellular enzymatic activity of Malassezia spp. isolates. Mycopathologia 149: 131-5. Matousek JL, Campbell KL, Kakoma I, Solter PF, Schaeffer DJ (2003). Evaluation of the effect of pH on in vitro growth of Malassezia pachydermatis Can J Vet Res 67: 56–59. Nardoni S, Dini M, Taccini F, Mancianti F (2007). Occurrence, <strong>di</strong>stribution and population size of Malassezia pachydermatis on skin and mucosae of atopic dogs.Vet Microbiol. 122: 172-7. Nardoni S, Mancianti F, Rum A, Corazza M (2005). Isolation of Malassezia species from healthy cats and cats with otitis. J Feline Med Surg 7: 141-5. 67 Peikes H, Morris DO, Hess RS (2001). Dermatologic <strong>di</strong>sorders in dogs with <strong>di</strong>abetes mellitus: 45 cases (1986-2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 219: 203-8. Ra<strong>di</strong> ZA. (2004). Outbreak of sarcoptic mange and malasseziasis in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Comp Med 54: 434-7. Selander C, Zargari A, Möllby R, Rasool O, Scheynius A (2006). Higher pH level, correspon<strong>di</strong>ng to that on the skin of patients with atopic eczema, stimulates the release of Malassezia sympo<strong>di</strong>alis allergens. Allergy 61: 1002-8. Sierra P, Guillot J, Jacob H, Bussiéras S, Chermette R (2000). Fungal flora on cutaneous and mucosal surfaces of cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus or feline leukaemia virus. Am J Vet Res 61: 158-61.
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PARASSITOLOGIA A publication of the
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P A R A SSIT O L O GIA Founded in 1
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126 Remarks Surprisingly, except fo
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134 approach and SAR studies. DDcl
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150 K.E., Beldjord, C., Nagel, R.L.
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