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Parassitologia 50: 17-24, 2008 Epidemiology and control prospects of foodborne parasitic zoonoses in the European Union E. Pozio Community Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; Introduction Abstract. In the 27 Member States of the European Union, zoonotic parasites transmitted by food are circulating with different prevalence according to the country, the environmental conditions, the human behaviour, and the socio-economic level. Foodborne parasites can be divided in two main groups according to the way of transmission to humans. These foodborne parasites reach the human beings through the consumption of raw infected food such as muscle tissues of different animal species (Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis hominis, Sarcocystis suishominis, Diphyllobotrium latum, Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, Opisthorchis felineus, Anisakis spp., Pseudoterranova spp., Trichinella spp.), or vegetables (Fasciola hepatica), and contaminated food and water resources (Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., T. gondii, Echinococcus granulosus sensu latu, Echinococcus multilocularis, T. solium, Taenia multiceps). As a general role, the control strategies should be based on the education of the consumers, farmers and shepherds, the improvement of farming conditions, the improvement or the development of more sensitive methods to detect these parasites in slaughtered animals and in foodstuff, a control of sewage sludge on pastures and of drinking water resources, and the reduction of contacts between livestock and wild animals which frequently represent the most important reservoir of these pathogens. Keywords: Foodborne parasites; zoonoses; European Union; epidemiology; control. In the European Union, the Health and Consumer Protection Directorate General (DG SANCO) of the European Commission and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have made special efforts (including the designation of economic resources) to improve the microbiological and chemical quality of food in the European Union (European Community regulations EC 178/2002, 852/2004, 853/2004, 854/2004, 882/2004, and 2075/2005). To this end, the DG SANCO has created a network of National Reference Laboratories (NRL), co-ordinated by Community Reference Laboratories (CRL), responsible for establishing EUwide standards for testing, routine procedures and reliable testing methods. On this purpose, 40 European laboratories have been appointed as CRLs (12 for biological risks, 13 for animal health, 13 for chemical risks, 1 for GMOs, and 1 for feed additives). In 2006, the Division of Gastroenteric and Tissue Parasitic Diseases of the Istituto Superiore di Sanità has been designated as the CRL for foodborne parasites (European Community EC 776/2006). The coordination of NRLs for parasites has allowed to acquire information on what is known on the epidemiology of the most important foodborne parasitic zoonoses and to know the control prospects in the Member States. Correspondence: Edoardo Pozio, Community Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy Tel +39 06 49902304; Fax +39 06 49903561, e-mail: edoardo.pozio@iss.it In the 27 Member States, there is a wide panel of foodborne parasitic zoonoses circulating between animals and humans, yet the attention spent greatly varies by individual country, depending on the impact on animal husbandry, human health and related risk perception, and to available economical resources. Herein, the epidemiology of foodborne parasites in Europe is described, followed by general indications for the control of these parasites. Epidemiology of foodborne parasites Giardia duodenalis Although the zoonotic transmission of G. duodenalis has been described (Traub et al., 2004; Savioli et al., 2006), its role as a zoonotic agent is still under debate (Cacciò et al., in press). Furthermore, there has been relatively little interest in this pathogen because the economic loss in terms of livestock seems to be limited. Cryptosporidium spp. The amount of information available in Europe on Cryptosporidium parasites in humans and animals greatly varies by specific country. Regarding human cryptosporidiosis, in Denmark and other Nordic countries, the annual incidence is estimated to be 3,340 symptomatic cases per 100,000 population (Hörman et al., 2004). In France, among HIV-infected persons, the annual incidence of cryptosporidiosis has been reduced to 12 per 10,000 population since the introduction of highly active retroviral therapy (HAART). Among children with diarrhoea in France, the prevalence ranges from 2.1% to 5.0% (Lacroix et al., 1987; Bretagne et al., 1990). In Germany, among children aged 1-14 years, a prevalence of nearly 2.0% has been reported
Page 1 and 2: PARASSITOLOGIA A publication of the
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Page 15 and 16: eceptor subunits move closer togeth
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Page 19: tion of the brain. Nature 421:744-8
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Page 31 and 32: Ferry along the Potomac River. The
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Page 40 and 41: 36 Many children with congenital to
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Page 46 and 47: 42 References Ades AE, Gilbert R, T
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Page 60 and 61: 56 A.W. Pfaff, E. Candolfi - Immuno
Page 62 and 63: 58 A.W. Pfaff, E. Candolfi - Immuno
Page 64 and 65: 60 (Kijlstra et al., 2006). Regardi
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66 C. Cafarchia, D. Otranto - Malas
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Parassitologia 50: 69-71, 2008 Skin
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E. M. Difonzo, E. Faggi - Skin dise
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74 R. Galuppi, M.P. Tampieri - Mala
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76 R. Galuppi, M.P. Tampieri - Mala
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78 Table 1. Current composition of
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Parassitologia 50: 81-83, 2008 Diag
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tribution and population size of Ma
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86 A. Peano, M.G. Gallo - Treatment
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88 A. Peano, M.G. Gallo - Treatment
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90 (vii) Antimycotic properties, pr
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SIMPOSIO 3 AEDES ALBOPICTUS IN ITAL
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98 test, whereas for the remaining
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100 pyriproxyfen is twice as biolog
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Parassitologia 50: 103-104, 2008 Bl
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B. Cignini et al. - The ten-year ex
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110 cumstances of isolation of Bahi
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Parassitologia 50: 113-115, 2008 Im
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for what concern the time of biting
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118 during the past winter season w
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fall recorded in the considered per
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126 Remarks Surprisingly, except fo
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128 Conclusion A. Tamburro - Admini
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SIMPOSIO 4 IL RUOLO DELLA RICERCA N
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134 approach and SAR studies. DDcl
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136 Program financed by ANTIMAL. S.
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138 A. della Torre et al. - Researc
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140 A. della Torre et al. - Researc
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E. Schwarzer et al. - Hemozoin and
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148 geographic distribution in sub-
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150 K.E., Beldjord, C., Nagel, R.L.
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Parassitologia 50, 2008 Angelini P.
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