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76 R. Galuppi, M.P. Tampieri - Malassezia: Epidemiology - variability description of four new species. Ant van Leeuwenhoek 69: 337- 355. Guillot J (1997). Epidemiological analysis of Malassezia pachydermatis isolates by partial sequencing of the large subunit ribosomal RNA. Res Vet Sci 62: 22-25. Guillot J, Chermette R, Guého E (1994). Prévalence du genre Malassezia chez les mammifères. J Mycol Méd 4: 72-79. Guillot J, Gueho E, Lesourd M, Midgley G, Chevrier G, Dupont B (1996). Identification of Malassezia species. A pratical approach. J Mycol Méd 6: 103-110. Guillot J, Gueho E, Chévrier G, Chermette R (1997). Epidemiological analysis of Malassezia pachydermatis isolates by partial sequencing of the large subunit ribosomal RNA. Rese Vet Sci 62: 22-25. Guillot J, Petit T, Degorce-Rubiales FGueho E, Chermette R (1998) Dermatitis caused by Malassezia pachydermatis in a California sea lion (zalophus californianus). Vet Rec, 142: 311-312. Hammer KA, Riley TV (2000). Precipitate production by some Malassezia species on Dixon’s agar. Med Mycol 38: 105-107. Hirai A, Kano R, Makimura K, Duarte RE, Hamdan JS, Lachance MA, Yamaguchi H, Hasegawa A (2004). Malassezia nana sp. nov., a novel lipid-dependent yeast species isolated from animals. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54: 623-627. Hossain H, Landgraf V, Weiss R, Manns M, Hayatpour J, Chakraborty T, Mayser P (2007). Genetic and biochemical characterization of Malassezia pachydermatis with particular attention to pigment- producing subgroups. Med Mycol 45: 41-49. Huang HP, Little CJL, Fixter LM (1993). Effects of fatty acids on the growth and cornposition of Malassezia pachydermatis and their relevance to canine otitis extema. Res Vet Sci 55: 119-123. Kennis RA, Rosser EJ, Olivier NB, Walker RW (1996). Quantity and distribution of Malassezia organisms on the skin of clinically normal dogs. JAVMA 208: 1048-1051. Kiss G, Radvanyi S, Szigeti G (1996). Characteristics of Malassezia pachydermatis strains isolated from canine otitis externa. Mycoses 39: 313-321. Kurtzmann CP, Robnett CJ, (1994). Orders and families of ascosporigenous yeasts and yeast-like taxa compared from ribosomal RNA sequence similarities. In: Hawkswort D.L. (ed) Ascomycete Systematcs: problems and perspectives in the nineties. New York: Plenum Press. Pp 249-258 Marcelou-Kinti O, Hadzivassiliou M, Kapetanakis I, Papavassiliou I (1973). Isolation of yeast-like organisms of the genus Pityrosporum from the sand. Acta Microbiol Hellenica, l8: 293-297. Marcon MJ, Powell DA (1992). Human infections due to Malassezia spp.. Clin Microbiol Rev 5: 101-119. Matousek JL, Campbell KL (2002). Malassezia Dermatitis. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 24: 224-232. Mayser P, Haze P, Papavassilis C, Pickel M, Gruender K, Guého E (1997). Differentiation of Malassezia species: selectivity of Cremophor El, castor oil and ricinoleic acid for M. Furfur. Brit J Dermatol 137: 208-213. Midgley G, Clayton YM (1969). The yeast flora of birds and mammals in captivity. Ant van Leeuwenoek, 35(supplemento_E): 23- 24. Nell A, James SA, Bond CJ, Hunt B, Herrtafe ME (2002). Identification and distribution of a novel Malassezia species yeast on normal equine skin. Vet Rec 150: 395-398. Raabe P, Mayser P, Weib R (1998). Demonstration of Malassezia furfur and Malassezia sympodialis together with Malassezia pachydermatis in veterinary specimens. Mycoses, 41: 493-500. Renker C, Alphei J, Buscot F (2002). Soil nematodes associated with mammal pathogenic fungal genus Malassezia (Basidiomycota: Ustilaginomycetes) in Central European forests. Biol Fert Soils 37: 70-72. Senczek D, Siesenop U, Bohm KH (1999) Characterisation of Malassezia species by means of phenotipic characteristic and detection of electrophoretic karyotypes by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PGFE). Mycoses 42: 409-414. Sloff WC (1970). Genus 6: Pityrosporum, Sabouraud. In: Lodder J. (Ed.) The Yeast, a Taxonomic Study. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, NL, 1970, pp. 1167-1186. Sugita T, Takeo K, Hama K, Virtudazo E, Takashima M, Nishikawa A, Kucsera J, Dorogi J, Komori S, Nakagaki K, Vollekova A, Slavikova E, Farkas V. (2005). DNA sequence diversity of intergenic spacer I region in the non-lipid-dependent species Malassezia pachydermatis isolated from animals. Med Mycol 43:21-26. Uzal FA, Paulson D, Eigenheer AL, Walker RL (2007). Malassezia sloffiae-associated dermatitis in a goat. Vet Dermatol, 18: 348- 352. Weidman FD (1925). Exfoliative dermatitis in the Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), with description of a new species: Pityrosporum pachydermatis. In: Fox H. (ed) Report of the Laboratory and Museum of Comparative Pathology of the Zoological Society of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, USA, 1925, pp. 36-43.
Parassitologia 50: 77-79, 2008 The genus Malassezia: old facts and new concepts J. Guillot 1, S. Hadina 2, E. Guého 3 1 INRA, AFSSA, ENVA, UMR 956, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France; 2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia; 3 Mauves sur Huisne, France Abstract. Lipophilic yeasts are being considered as major opportunistic pathogens for a very long time. Most of the yeasts show an absolute requirement for long fatty acid chains and specific procedures are required for their isolation, conservation and identification. For that reason, the history of the nomenclature used for the Malassezia genus is quite complex. Before 1996, only 3 species were recognized: Malassezia furfur, M. pachydermatis and M. sympodialis. To date, the genus is composed of one non lipid-dependent species (M. pachydermatis) and 12 lipid-dependent species. No doubt that additional new taxa will be described in close future. Very recently the genome and secretory proteome of two Malassezia species was described. This analysis demonstrated the presence of multiple secreted lipases to aid in harvesting host lipids. It also revealed the presence of mating-type genes, providing an indication that Malassezia yeasts may be capable of sex. Key words: Malassezia, yeast, species, taxonomy, nomenclature For more than 150 years, Malassezia yeasts have been associated with skin diseases in humans and different animal species. In recent years these fungi have also been recognized as opportunistic pathogens causing invasive infections in neonates. Malassezia species have an affinity for lipids as substrates and the term “lipophilic yeasts” has frequently been used to characterize the genus. In fact, most of the species show an absolute requirement for long fatty acid chains and they are therefore seldom isolated in the laboratory unless specific nutrients are provided in the medium. The cells of all Malassezia species have in common a monopolar and repetitive budding process (leaving a thick scar on the mother cell) and a multilayered cell wall with a corrugate innermost layer to which corresponds a helicoidal translucent band. However specific identification is not straightforward and history of the nomenclature used for the Malassezia genus is quite complex. First descriptions Malassezia yeasts were first recognized in 1846 when Eichstedt realized the fungal nature of pityriasis versicolor, a very common skin disease in humans. He reported the presence of round yeasts and filaments in scales of patients. The agent of pityriasis versicolor was named Malassezia furfur by Baillon in 1889. In subsequent years, lipophilic yeasts alone were observed by many authors in samples of healthy skin and also in conditions such as seborrheic dermatitis and pityriasis capitis (dandruff). In 1904, Sabouraud assigned these yeasts to the genus Pityrosporum. In 1913, Castellani Correspondence: Jacques Guillot Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France, Tel 33 1 43 96 71 57; Fax 01 43 96 71 90 e-mail: jguillot@vet-alfort.fr and Chalmers described the species P. ovale by acknowledging an earlier name, Saccharomyces ovalis Bizzozero 1884 (Slooff 1970). In 1951, Gordon described a new Pityrosporum species, P.orbiculare. Although this was associated with healthy skin, he also identified the yeast with the organism M. furfur, the agent of pityriasis versicolor (Gordon 1951). Weidman provided the first description of lipophilic yeasts from an animal species in 1925. He isolated yeasts with a similar morphology to that of P. ovale from skin lesions of an Indian rhinoceros. Weidman described the new species P. pachydermatis. In 1955, Gustafson isolated the same type of yeast from otitis externa in dogs. Gustafson wrongly concluded from early descriptions that the yeasts recovered from rhinoceros skin grew poorly and were very difficult to maintain. As a consequence, Gustafson created the new species P. canis. The synonymy between P. pachydermatis and P. canis was proved by Guillot & Guého in 1996. The need to assign all lipophilic yeasts to a single genus was finally recognized by taxonomists. The genus Malassezia created by Baillon predates Sabouraud’s Pityrosporum. As a consequence, the species mentioned above were all assigned to the genus Malassezia in recent reviews (Ahearn and Simmons 1998, de Hoog et al. 2000). An increasing number of species Before 1996, only 3 species were recognized within the genus Malassezia: M. furfur (Robin) Baillon 1889, M. pachydermatis (Weidman) Dodge 1935 and M. sympodialis Simmons and Guého 1990. In addition to the above species, stable variants identified by morphological and immunological features had been documented in the literature (Midgley 1989, Cunningham et al. 1990). However, these variants were proposed without a valid description or a type specimen. Genetic studies,
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PARASSITOLOGIA A publication of the
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P A R A SSIT O L O GIA Founded in 1
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The individual authors take respons
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Parassitologia 50, 2008 RICORDO DEL
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Parassitologia 50: 9-16, 2008 The c
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eceptor subunits move closer togeth
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Chemokines have several functions a
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tion of the brain. Nature 421:744-8
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Parassitologia 50: 17-24, 2008 Epid
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adic or imported cases have been ob
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other EU countries, yet the impact
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Fasciola hepatica. II: La fasciolos
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Page 46 and 47: 42 References Ades AE, Gilbert R, T
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Page 64 and 65: 60 (Kijlstra et al., 2006). Regardi
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126 Remarks Surprisingly, except fo
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128 Conclusion A. Tamburro - Admini
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SIMPOSIO 4 IL RUOLO DELLA RICERCA N
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134 approach and SAR studies. DDcl
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136 Program financed by ANTIMAL. S.
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138 A. della Torre et al. - Researc
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140 A. della Torre et al. - Researc
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E. Schwarzer et al. - Hemozoin and
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148 geographic distribution in sub-
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150 K.E., Beldjord, C., Nagel, R.L.
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Parassitologia 50, 2008 Angelini P.
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