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140 A. della Torre et al. - Research in molecular malaria entomology chabaudi (ER) blood-stage infection in mice initiated by the natural route of infection. Malar J, 6: 77. Holt et al., 2002, The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Science, 298: 129-149. Lombardo F, Lanfrancotti A, Mestres-Simón M, Rizzo C, Coluzzi M, Arcà B (2006) At the interface between parasite and host: the salivary glands of the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Parassitologia, 48: 573-80. Remoue F, Cisse B, Ba F, Sokhna C, Herve JP, Boulanger D, Simondon F. (2006) Evaluation of the antibody response to Anopheles salivary antigens as a potential marker of risk of malaria.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 100: 363-70. Santolamazza S, della Torre A, Caccone A (2004) A new PCR- RFLP method to identify An. arabiensis from An. gambiae and its two molecular forms from degraded DNA templates or museum samples. Am J Trop Med & Hygiene, 70: 604–606. Santolamazza F, Calzetta M, Etang J, Barrese E, Dia I, Caccone A, Donnelly MJ, Petrarca V, Simard F, Pinto J, della Torre A (2008) Distribution of knock-down resistance mutations in Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) molecular forms in west and westcentral Africa. Malar J, 7: in press. Wondji C, Simard F, Petrarca V, Etang J, Santolamazza F, della Torre A, Fontenille D (2005) Species and populations of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Cameroon with special emphasis on chromosomal and molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae s.s. J Med Entomol, 42: 998-1005.
Parassitologia 50: 141-141, 2008 The role of research in the fight against malaria: the Italian contribution to malaria research in the frame of north-south cooperation in the last 25 years F. Esposito 1, G. Majori 2, M. Coluzzi 3 1 Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; 2 Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy; 3 Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy Italy has an extraordinary tradition in malaria research, from the Grassi discovery of the parasite life cycle, to the Coluzzi breakthrough into the species problem of the anopheline vectors. Furthermore, Italy was a malaria endemic country until the first half of the XXth century and therefore has been the theatre of large scale ‘experiments’ aimed at controlling the disease and its transmission. Undoubtedly, these experiments and their successful outcomes guided, sometimes with exceedingly optimistic foresights, control programmes in various areas of the world. A deeper insight into the determinants of the successful malaria eradication in Italy allowed the roots of that success to be tracked and wiped off many illusions. Thus, over the years, Italy has remained a reservoir of expertise, and Italian scientists have been involved in malaria research and control programmes funded by international agencies, from the ‘Garki Project’ in Nigeria, to the most recent programmes devoted to counteract malaria resurgence in problem areas bordering the south-eastern fringe of Europe. Interestingly, in the late 70’s of last century, when the big draught hit the sahel area south of Sahara, there was in Italy a renewed rise of interest for tropical diseases, especially malaria. Then, the Italian Department for Co-operation in Development supported the idea of a malaria control programme in Burkina Faso, which actually started in 1983. Although specific results in terms of reduction of the malaria burden are just in the process of becoming reality 25 years later, it has to be recognised that the programme gave enormous contributions to a better understanding of malaria under extremely high transmission conditions. New and innovative methods for malaria epidemiology were established, which allowed previously unthinkable levels of transmission to be detected. A complexity within the vector populations which was before only guessed was definitely demonstrated. The very special characteristics of the immune response against the malaria parasites - of paramount importance in view of a malaria vaccine development - were elucidated, together with an unexpected heterogeneity in the susceptibility to malaria in individuals belonging to different ethnic groups. Various vector control tools, including insecticide treated nets, were challenged with the most unfavourable conditions which can be imagined, and the obtained results led to the adoption of the strategy within the national control programmes in Africa. Home management of malaria cases was extensively tested, and also in this case the positive results induced its incorporation within control programmes. In conclusion, the Italian Programme in Burkina Faso, with the participation of various research groups from Italian and international institutions represented an exceptional blend of curiosity driven and translational research which paradigmatically demonstrated the need for both components for a significant advancement of knowledge. The empowerment of the National scientists constitutes the most relevant strength of the Programme. The Italian research institutions provided a similar contribution in other African countries and in particular in Madagascar when, at the end of the ‘80s, malaria transmission reappeared on the Central Highlands with deadly epidemics. In that dramatic situation, the Italian malariologists, with funds made available by the Italian health cooperation, were able to assure technical assistance and leading operational research to the National Malaria Control Program since the resurgence of malaria. The international funding agencies strengthened in the following years the fundamental role of the applied research to the success of malaria control campaigns. The most recent years showed unfortunately a decrease of interest by the Italian public donors, a surprising event, in view of the opposite attitude by public and private donors worldwide. Hopefully, the Italian Malaria Network may be instrumental to reverse the situation and renew the brilliant tradition of the Italian School of Malariology.
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PARASSITOLOGIA A publication of the
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P A R A SSIT O L O GIA Founded in 1
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The individual authors take respons
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Parassitologia 50, 2008 RICORDO DEL
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Parassitologia 50: 9-16, 2008 The c
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eceptor subunits move closer togeth
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Chemokines have several functions a
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tion of the brain. Nature 421:744-8
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Parassitologia 50: 17-24, 2008 Epid
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adic or imported cases have been ob
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other EU countries, yet the impact
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Fasciola hepatica. II: La fasciolos
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Parassitologia 50: 25-29, 2008 Arte
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Ferry along the Potomac River. The
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for each of these chemical entities
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SIMPOSIO 1 ZOONOSI PROTOZOARIE: TOX
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36 Many children with congenital to
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38 Health promotion (Primary Preven
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40 infants with CT newly synthesise
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42 References Ades AE, Gilbert R, T
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Parassitologia 50: 45-50, 2008 Clin
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C. Contini - management of toxoplas
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C. Contini - management of toxoplas
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Parassitologia 50: 51-53, 2008 Toxo
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V. Meroni, F. Genco - Toxoplasmosis
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56 A.W. Pfaff, E. Candolfi - Immuno
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58 A.W. Pfaff, E. Candolfi - Immuno
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60 (Kijlstra et al., 2006). Regardi
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SIMPOSIO 2 IL PIANETA MALASSEZIA
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66 C. Cafarchia, D. Otranto - Malas
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Parassitologia 50: 69-71, 2008 Skin
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E. M. Difonzo, E. Faggi - Skin dise
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74 R. Galuppi, M.P. Tampieri - Mala
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76 R. Galuppi, M.P. Tampieri - Mala
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78 Table 1. Current composition of
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Parassitologia 50: 81-83, 2008 Diag
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tribution and population size of Ma
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86 A. Peano, M.G. Gallo - Treatment
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88 A. Peano, M.G. Gallo - Treatment
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Page 138 and 139: 134 approach and SAR studies. DDcl
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Page 154 and 155: 150 K.E., Beldjord, C., Nagel, R.L.
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