Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd Edition

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444 SECTION V Gastrointestinal Physiology TABLE 26–6. Structures of some of the hormonally active polypeptides secreted by cells in the human gastrointestinal tract. a Gastrin Family GIP Secretin Family Other Polypeptides CCK Gastrin 39 34 Glucagon Secretin VIP Motilin Substance P GRP Guanylin Tyr Tyr His His His Phe Arg Val Pro Ile Ala Ser Ser Ser Val Pro Pro Asn Gln Glu Gln Asp Asp Pro Lys Leu Thr Gln Gly Gly Gly Ala Ile Pro Pro Cys Ala Thr Thr Thr Val Phe Gln Ala Glu Arg (pyro)Glu Phe Phe Phe Phe Thr Gln Gly Ile Lys → Ala Leu Gly Ile Ser Thr Ser Thr Ser Thr Asp Tyr Gly Phe Phe Gly Gly Cys Ala Pro Pro Asp Asp Glu Asn Glu Gly Thr Tyr Ser Gln Tyr Tyr Leu Tyr Leu Leu Val Ala Gly Arg Gly Pro Ser Ile Ser Lys Ser Arg Thr Arg Gln Arg Met-NH2 Leu Thr Ala Cys Met Pro Ala Tyr Leu Leu Met Lys Thr Ser His Met Leu Arg Arg Gln Met Gly Ile Leu Asp Asp Glu Lys Glu Tyr Cys Val Val Lys Ser Gly Gln Lys Pro Lys Ala Ile Arg Ala Met Glu Arg Asn Asp His Arg Arg Ala Arg Gly Leu Pro Gln Ala Leu Val Asn Asn Gln Ser Gln Gln Gln Lys Lys His Asn Lys Asp Asp Arg Lys Gly Trp Leu Asp →Lys Gln Phe Val Phe Val Leu Leu Tyr Leu Gln Ala Val Pro Gly Asn Gln Gln Asn Gly Ser His →Pro Trp Trp Leu Trp Leu Gly Leu Ser Ile His Leu Arg → Ile Ser Leu Glu Glu Leu Ala Glu Met Asn Thr Val-NH2 Leu Asn-NH2 Met-NH2 Asp Glu Lys Arg → Asp Glu Glu Gly Lys Tys Ala Lys Met Tys Asn →Gly Trp →Gly Trp Asp Trp Met Met Lys Asp Asp His Phe-NH2 Phe-NH2 Asn Ile Thr Gln a Homologous amino acid residues are enclosed by the lines that generally cross from one polypeptide to another. Arrows indicate points of cleavage to form smaller variants. Tys, tyrosine sulfate. All gastrins occur in unsulfated (gastrin I) and sulfated (gastrin II) forms. Glicentin, an additional member of the secretin family, is a C-terminally extended relative of glucagon.
Fundus Antrum Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Colon CHAPTER 26 Overview of Gastrointestinal Function & Regulation 445 FIGURE 26–22 Sites of production of the five gastrointestinal hormones along the length of the gastrointestinal tract. The width of the bars reflects the relative abundance at each location. TABLE 26–7 Stimuli that affect gastrin secretion. Stimuli that increase gastrin secretion Luminal Peptides and amino acids Distention Neural Increased vagal discharge via GRP Bloodborne Calcium Epinephrine Stimuli that inhibit gastrin secretion Luminal Acid Somatostatin Bloodborne Secretin, GIP, VIP, glucagon, calcitonin Gastrin CCK Secretin GIP Motilin The carboxyl terminal tetrapeptide (CCK 4) also exists in tissues. The carboxyl terminal is amidated, and the tyrosine that is the seventh amino acid residue from the carboxyl terminal is sulfated. Unlike gastrin, the nonsulfated form of CCK has not been found in tissues. However, derivatization of other amino acid residues in CCK can occur. The half-life of circulating CCK is about 5 minutes, but little is known about its metabolism. In addition to its secretion by I cells in the upper intestine, CCK is found in nerves in the distal ileum and colon. It is also found in neurons in the brain, especially the cerebral cortex, and in nerves in many parts of the body (see Chapter 7). In the brain, it may be involved in the regulation of food intake, and it appears to be related to the production of anxiety and analgesia. The CCK secreted in the duodenum and jejunum is probably mostly CCK 8 and CCK 12, although CCK 58 is also present in the intestine and circulating blood in some species. The enteric and pancreatic nerves contain primarily CCK 4. CCK 58 and CCK 8 are found in the brain. In addition to its primary actions, CCK augments the action of secretin in producing secretion of an alkaline pancreatic juice. It also inhibits gastric emptying, exerts a trophic effect on the pancreas, increases the synthesis of enterokinase, and may enhance the motility of the small intestine and colon. There is some evidence that, along with secretin, it augments the contraction of the pyloric sphincter, thus preventing the reflux of duodenal contents into the stomach. Gastrin and CCK stimulate glucagon secretion, and since the secretion of
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Ranges of Normal Values in Human Wh
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Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hil
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iv Key Features of the 23rd Edition
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About the Authors KIM E. BARRETT Ki
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viii CONTENTS 27. Digestion, Absorp
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2 SECTION I Cellular & Molecular Ba
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10 SECTION I Cellular & Molecular B
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80 SECTION II Physiology of Nerve &
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100 SECTION II Physiology of Nerve
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168 SECTION III Central & Periphera
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302 SECTION IV Endocrine & Reproduc
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Page 406 and 407: 394 SECTION IV Endocrine & Reproduc
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Page 502 and 503: 490 SECTION VI Cardiovascular Physi
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494 SECTION VI Cardiovascular Physi
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588 SECTION VII Respiratory Physiol
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640 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology T
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642 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology m
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644 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology F
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646 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology N
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650 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology G
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652 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology t
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654 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology I
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660 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology C
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662 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology d
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668 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology p
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670 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology l
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672 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology A
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676 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology E
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678 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology o
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680 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology I
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682 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology C
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688 Answers to Multiple Choice Ques
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690 INDEX Angiotensin III, 671 Angi
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692 INDEX Cannabinoids, 145, 179 Ca
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694 INDEX Climbing fibers, 255 Clin
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696 INDEX Endocrine functions of pa
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698 INDEX Flaccid paralysis, 244 Fl
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700 INDEX Hearing (continued) affer
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702 INDEX Intrinsic system, 532 Int
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704 INDEX Monoamines (continued) hi
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706 INDEX Pacemaker (continued) imp
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708 INDEX Proprioceptors, 632-633 P
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710 INDEX Respiratory compensation,
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712 INDEX Supratentorial lesions, 2
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714 INDEX Vestibular system, 213-21
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Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd Edition

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