Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd Edition

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700 INDEX Hearing (continued) afferent nerve fibers, 207–208 air conduction, 210 audiometry, 213 audition, 212–213 bone conduction, 210 central pathway, 211, 214 cochlea, 205 deafness, 213 electrical responses, 207 external ear, 203–205 hair cells, 211 hair dust, 206–208 inner ear, 205 medulla oblongata, 211–212 middle ear, 203–205 organ of Corti, 205–206 responses to linear acceleration, 215–216 responses to rotational acceleration, 214–215 saccule, 206 semicircular canals, 206 sound localization, 213 sound transmission, 209–210 sound waves, 208–209 spatial orientation, 216 structure, 206–207 traveling waves, 210–211 tympanic reflex, 210 utricle, 206 vestibular system, 213–216 Heart, 507–520 arterial pulse, 510–512 atrial pressure changes, 512 atrial systole, 508 cardiac cycle, mechanical events, 507–520 cardiac muscle, relation of tension to length, 515 cardiac output, 513–519 early diastole, 509 echocardiography, 513 end-diastolic volume, factors affecting, 515 factors controlling, 514–515 heart sounds, 512 integrated control, 518–519 jugular pulse, 512 late diastole, 507 length of systole, diastole, 510 measurement, 513–514 murmurs, 512–513 myocardial contractility, 515–517 oxygen consumption by heart, 519 pericardium, 510 timing, 510 in various conditions, 514 ventricular systole, 508 Heartbeat, 489–506 Heart failure, 660 Heart hormones, 674–676 Heart sounds, 512 Heat loss, 284–285 Heat production, 104, 283–284 Heavy chains, 73 Helicotrema, 205 Helper T cells, 70 Hematocrit, 542 Hematopoietic stem cells, 522 Heme, 459, 523, 610 Hemianopia, 198 Hemiblock, 497 Hemidesmosome, 38 Hemispheres, complementary specialization, 295–296 Hemodialysis, 660 Hemoglobin, 523, 614 in fetus, 525–526 reactions of, 523–525 synthesis of, 526 Hemoglobin A, 523 Hemoglobin F, 525 Hemolytic disease of newborn, 530 Hemolytic transfusion reactions, 528 Hemosiderin, 459 Hemostasis, 531–535 anticlotting mechanisms, 533–535 anticoagulants, 535 clotting mechanism, 531–533 response to injury, 531 Hemostatic plug, 531 Henderson Hasselbach equation, 4 Heparin, 533 Hepatic circulation, 480–481 Hepatolenticular degeneration, 252 Hephaestin, 459 Hering–Breuer reflexes, 632 Herring bodies, 278 Heterologous desensitization, 130 Heterometric regulation, 515 Heteronymous, 198 Heterotrimeric G proteins, 53 Heterozygous, 529 Hexokinase, 20 Hexose monophosphate shunt, 20 Hexoses, 19, 23 Hiccup, 633 High-density lipoproteins, 27 High-energy phosphate compounds, 8 High-molecular-weight kininogen, 566 High-pressure system, 543 Hippocampus, 292–293 His bundle electrogram, 496 Histaminase, 138 Histamine, 137–138, 168, 238 Histones, 11 Histotoxic hypoxia, 617, 621 HLA-G, 424 HMG-CoA reductase, 27 Holter monitor, 496 Homeostasis, 58–59 Homeothermic, 283 Homologous desensitization, 130 Homometric regulation, 515 Homonymous, 198 Homunculus, 175 Horizontal cells, 182 Hormonal abnormalities, 397–398 Hormonal functions, hypothalamic regulation, 273–288 afferent connections of hypothalamus, 273–274 afferents, 285 anterior pituitary hormones, 279–280 anterior pituitary secretion, 279–282 autonomic function, 275–276 biosynthesis, 277–278 clinical implications, 282 effects of vasopressin, 279 fever, 285–286 heat loss, 284–285 heat production, 283–284 hypophysiotropic hormones, 280–282 hypothalamic control, 280 hypothalamic function, 275 hypothalamus, 273–277 hypothermia, 286 intraneuronal transport, 277–278 magnocellular neurons, electrical activity, 278 milk ejection reflex, 279 normal body temperature, 283 oxytocin, 277, 279 pituitary gland, 274–275 posterior pituitary secretion, 277–279 secretion, 277–278 significance, 282 temperature-regulating mechanisms, 285 temperature regulation, 282–286 thirst, 276 vasopressin, 277, 279 vasopressin receptors, 279 water intake, factors regulating, 277 Hormone-sensitive lipase, 27 Hormones, 443, 446 cancer and, 427 cholecystokinin, 443–446 enteroendocrine cells, 443 gastrin, 443 GIP, 446 motilin, 447 secretin, 446 somatostatin, 447–448 systemic regulation by, 566–567 VIP, 447 Horripilation, 284 hPL. See Human placental lactogen HSCs. See Hematopoietic stem cells Hue, 195 Human chorionic gonadotropin, 424 Human chorionic somatomammotropin, 424 Human placental lactogen, 424 Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, 370 Humoral immunity, 70 Huntingtin, 252 Huntington disease, 252 Hydrophilic, 32 Hydrophobic, 32 Hydrops fetalis, 530 Hydrostatic pressure gradient, 548 Hydroxyapatites, 371 Hydroxycholecalciferols, 365–367 Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 345 Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, 355 Hyperactive stretch reflexes, 244 Hyperaldosteronism, 359 Hyperalgesia, 168, 169 Hypercalcemia, 250 of malignancy, 370 Hypercalciuria, 250 Hypercapnia, 622, 630 Hyperglycemia, 323 effects of, 323 Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, 410 Hyperkinetic, 252 Hypernatremia, 276 Hyperopia, 187 Hyperosmia, 222 Hyperosmolar coma, 324 Hypertension, 340 Hypertensive form, 346 Hypertonia, 244 Hypertonic, 6, 653 Hypertonicity, 163 Hypervariable regions, 74 Hypervitaminosis A, 466 Hypervitaminosis D, 466 Hypervitaminosis K, 466 Hypesthesia, 222 Hypocalcemic tetany, 364 Hypocapnia, 623
Hypocretin, 237 Hypofunction, adrenocortical, 359–360 Hypogeusia, 226 Hypoglycemia, 326, 332–333 Hypoglycemia unawareness, 333 Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, 282, 410 Hypokalemia, 319 Hypoketonemic hypoglycemia, 26 Hypokinetic, 252 Hypomenorrhea, 423 Hypoperfusion hypoxia, 621 Hypophysiotropic hormones, 280–282 Hypoproteinemia, 531 Hyporeflexia, 244 Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism, 360 Hyposmia, 222, 282 Hypothalamic components, 420–421 Hypothalamic control, 280 Hypothalamic function, 275 Hypothalamohypophysial tract, 274 Hypothalamus, 273–277 afferent connections of, 273–274 autonomic function, 275–276 efferent connections of, 273–274 hypothalamic function, 275 pituitary gland, 274–275 thirst, 276 water intake, factors regulating, 277 Hypothermia, 286 Hypotonia, 244, 257 Hypotonic, 6, 163, 653 Hypoxia, 616–617, 621–622 acclimatization, 618–619 barometric pressure, 617–618 hypoxic hypoxia, 617–619 hypoxic symptoms, 618 oxygen treatment, 621–622 Hypoxic hypoxia, 617, 619–620 venous-to-arterial shunts, 620 ventilation perfusion imbalance, 620 Hysteresis loop, 599 I IDDM. See Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Idiopathic epilepsies, 233 Idioventricular rhythm, 497 IDL. See Intermediate-density lipoproteins IGD-II. See Insulin-like growth factor II IJPs. See Inhibitor junction potentials Image-forming mechanism, 186–189 accommodation, 188–189 common defects of image-forming mechanism, 187–188 defects, 187–188 principles of optics, 186–187 pupillary reflexes, 189 Imidazoline, 139 Immune effector cells, 63–66 granulocytes, 64–65 lymphocytes, 65–66 macrophage colony-stimulating factors, 65 mast cells, 65 monocytes, 65 Immune system, genetic basis of diversity, 73–74 Immunity, 67–74 acquired immunity, 70 antigen presentation, 71–72 antigen recognition, 71 B cells, 72–73 complement system, 69 cytokines, 67–69 development of immune system, 70–71 genetic basis of diversity in immune system, 73–74 immunoglobulins, 73 innate immunity, 69–70 memory B cells, 71 overview, 67 T cell receptors, 72 T cells, 71 Immunoglobulins, 72–73 Immunohistochemistry, 129 Immunosympathectomy, 90 Implantation, 424 Implicit memory, 290 Importins, 40 Inactivated state, 85 Inactive capillaries, 549 Incomplete heart block, 497 Incomplete tetanus, 101 Increased automaticity, 498 Increasing osmolality, 654 Incus, 203 Indicator dilution method, 513 Indirect calorimetry, 461 Indirect inhibition, 121 Infection, 63–78 Inferior colliculi, 211 Inferior olive, 161 Inferior peduncle, 254 Inflammation, 63—78, 90 local injury, 75–76 systemic response to injury, 76 wound healing, 75–77 Inflammatory pain, 168 Inflammatory response, 64 Infranodal block, 497 Inhibin, 404, 409 Inhibin B, 392 Inhibitor junction potentials, 125 Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, 120 Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, 117–120 Inhibitory systems, organization of, 122–123 Initial heat, 104 Initial segment, 80, 121 Innate immunity, 65, 67, 69–70 Inner ear, 205 Inner hair cells, 206 Innervation of blood vessels, 556 Innervation of renal vessels, 643 Inositol trisphosphate, 54–56 Inositol trisphosphate receptor, 110 Inotropic action, 514 Inotropic effect, 556 Insensible water loss, 284 Inside-out patch, 45 In situ hybridization histochemistry, 129 Inspiration, 591–593 Inspiratory muscles, 594 Inspiratory reserve volume, 593 Instantaneous, 495 Insufficiency, 513 Insulin, 315, 371 effects of, 318–320 structure, 316–317 Insulin deficiency, 321–325 acidosis, 324 changes in protein metabolism, 323 cholesterol metabolism, 324 coma, 324 effects of hyperglycemia, 323 effects of intracellular glucose deficiency, 323 fat metabolism in diabetes, 323–324 glucose tolerance, 321–323 INDEX 701 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 334 Insulin excess, 325–326 compensatory mechanisms, 325–326 Insulin-glucagon molar ratios, 330 Insulin-like growth factor I, 91, 382 Insulin-like growth factor II, 382 Insulin preparations, 319 Insulin secretion, 326–327 cyclic AMP, 327 effect of automatic nerves, 327–328 effects of plasma glucose level, 326–327 fat derivatives, 327 intestinal hormones, 328 long-term changes in B cell responses, 328 protein, 327 Insulin sensitivity, 389 Insulinoma, 332 Integral proteins, 32 Integration, 247 Integrins, 38 Intensity, 152, 195 Intention tremor, 257–258 Intercalated cells, 641 Intercalated disks, 106 Intercellular communication, 50–58 calcium-binding proteins, 52–53 chemical messengers, 50–51 cyclic AMP, 56 diacylglycerol, 54–56 G protein-coupled receptors, 54 G proteins, 53–54 growth factors, 57–58 guanylyl cyclase, 57 inositol trisphosphate, 54–56 intracellular Cs 2+ as second messenger, 52 mechanisms of diversity of Ca 2+ actions, 53 production of cAMP by adenylyl cyclase, 56–57 receptors for chemical messengers, 50 second messengers, 54–56 stimulation of transcription, 51–52 Intercellular connections, 38–39 Intercortical transfer of memory, 292 Intercourse, changes during, 414 Interleukins, 67 Intermediate-density lipoproteins, 27 Intermediate filaments, 35–36 Intermittent claudication, 170 Internal hydrocephalus, 571 Internal respiration, 587 Internal urethral sphincter, 661 Internalization, 50 Internodal atrial pathways, 489 Interpositus nucleus, 254 Interstitial cells of Cajal, 470 Interstitial cells of Leydig, 402 Interstitial fluid, 2 equilibration with, 548 volume, 550–552 Intestinal fluid, 440–442 Intestinal gas, 473 Intestinal hormones, 328 Intracellular Ca 2+ as second messenger, 52 Intracellular fluid, 2 Intracellular glucose deficiency, 323 effects of, 323 Intracranial pressure, 575 Intrafusal fibers, 158 Intralaminar nuclei, 229 Intramembranous bone formation, 371 Intraneuronal transport, 277–278 Intrauterine devices, 422
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Ranges of Normal Values in Human Wh
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Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hil
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iv Key Features of the 23rd Edition
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About the Authors KIM E. BARRETT Ki
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viii CONTENTS 27. Digestion, Absorp
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2 SECTION I Cellular & Molecular Ba
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10 SECTION I Cellular & Molecular B
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80 SECTION II Physiology of Nerve &
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100 SECTION II Physiology of Nerve
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168 SECTION III Central & Periphera
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302 SECTION IV Endocrine & Reproduc
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430 SECTION V Gastrointestinal Phys
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490 SECTION VI Cardiovascular Physi
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588 SECTION VII Respiratory Physiol
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640 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology T
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642 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology m
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644 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology F
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646 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology N
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648 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology F
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Page 680 and 681: 668 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology p
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Page 700 and 701: 688 Answers to Multiple Choice Ques
Page 702 and 703: 690 INDEX Angiotensin III, 671 Angi
Page 704 and 705: 692 INDEX Cannabinoids, 145, 179 Ca
Page 706 and 707: 694 INDEX Climbing fibers, 255 Clin
Page 708 and 709: 696 INDEX Endocrine functions of pa
Page 710 and 711: 698 INDEX Flaccid paralysis, 244 Fl
Page 714 and 715: 702 INDEX Intrinsic system, 532 Int
Page 716 and 717: 704 INDEX Monoamines (continued) hi
Page 718 and 719: 706 INDEX Pacemaker (continued) imp
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Page 724 and 725: 712 INDEX Supratentorial lesions, 2
Page 726 and 727: 714 INDEX Vestibular system, 213-21
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