Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd Edition

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708 INDEX Proprioceptors, 632–633 ProPTH, 367 Prorenin, 670 Prosopagnosia, 298 Prostacyclin, 563 Prostaglandin G/H synthases, 28 Prostaglandins, 28, 146, 405 pharmacology of, 28 Prostate, 402 Prostate-specific antigen, 406 Proteasomes, 18, 72 Protein, 16–17, 327, 454–457 absorption, 455–457 binding, 305–306 degradation, 18 digestion, 454–455 synthesis, 17 Protein kinase A, 56 Protein kinase C, 55 Protein metabolism, 323, 382 changes in, 323 Proteins, 614 Protodiastole, 509 Proton pump, 35 Proto-oncogenes, 43 Protoplasmic astrocytes, 80 Proximal convoluted tubule, 640 Pruritus, 168 PSA. See Prostate-specific antigen P450scc, 344 Pseudocholinesterase cholinesterase, 135 Pseudohypoaldosteronism, 360 Pseudohypoparathyroidism, 369 Psilocin, 137 PTH. See Parathyroid hormone PTHRP, 369–370 PTHrP. See Parathyroid hormone-related protein Pubarche, 398 Puberty, 398–400 onset of, 398–399 Pulmonary chemoreflex, 632 Pulmonary circulation, 590, 602–604 flow, 602 gravity, 602–603 pressure, 602 pulmonary blood vessels, 602 pulmonary reservoir, 603 regulation of pulmonary blood flow, 603–604 ventilation/perfusion ratios, 603 volume, 602 Pulmonary function, 587–608 air passages, 588–590 alveolar surface tension, 596–597 blood flow, 590–591, 599 bronchi, 590 bronchial tone, 594–595 chest wall, 595–596 compliance of lungs, chest wall, 595–596 dead space, 599–600 diffusion across alveolocapillary membrane, 601–602 endocrine functions of lungs, 605–606 expiration, 591–593 flow, 602 gas exchange in lungs, 600–602 gases, properties of, 588 glottis, 594 gravity, 602–603 inspiration, 591–593 lung defense mechanisms, 605 lung volumes, 593–594 metabolic functions of lungs, 605–606 partial pressures, 588 pressure, 602 pulmonary blood vessels, 602 pulmonary circulation, 602–604 pulmonary reservoir, 603 quantitating respiratory phenomena, 588 regulation of pulmonary blood flow, 603–604 respiration, 591–600 respiratory muscles, 594 respiratory system, 588, 605–606 sampling alveolar air, 600–601 surfactant, 597–598 uneven ventilation, 599–600 ventilation, 599 ventilation/perfusion ratios, 603 volume, 602 work of breathing, 598–599 Pulmonary ventilation, 593 Pulse oximeter, 588 Pulse pressure, 544 Pumps, 33 Pupil, 181 Pupillary light reflex, 189 Pupillary reflexes, 189 Purine, 145 Purkinje cells, 254 Purkinje system, 489 Putamen, 249 Pyramidal lobe, 302 Pyrimidine transmitters, 145 Pyrin, 286 Q QS 2 . See Total electromechanical systole Quantitating respiratory phenomena, 588 Quaternary structure, 17 R Radiation, 284 Radiofrequency catheter ablation, reentrant pathways, 501–502 Radionuclides, 579 Rafts, 44 Raloxifene, 418 Rapid eye movement sleep, 234–235 Rapidly adapting receptors, 153, 632 RAS. See Reticular activating system Rathke’s pouch, 378 Rayleigh match, 197 Reaction time, 160 Reactive hyperemia, 579, 581 Rebound phenomenon, 258 Receptive field, 152 Receptive relaxation, 473 Receptor potential, 151 Receptors, 33, 90, 130–132, 139, 184 Receptors in airways, lungs, 632 Reciprocal innervation, 121, 161–162, 625 Recovery heat, 104 Recruitment of motor units, 105, 164 Recruitment of sensory units, 155 Red blood cells, 523 catabolism of hemoglobin, 526–527 fetal, 525–526 hemoglobin, 523 reactions of hemoglobin, 523–525 role of spleen, 523 synthesis of hemoglobin, 526 Red marrow, 522 Red reaction, 580 Reductase deficiency, 397 Reduction, 8 Reentrant pathways, radiofrequency catheter ablation, 501–502 Referred pain, 170–171 Reflex arc, 157 Reflexes, 157–166 adequate stimulus, 164 central connections of afferent fibers, 160 central excitatory, 165 control of gamma-motor neuron discharge, 161 final common path, 164–165 fractionation, 164 function of muscle spindles, 160 gamma-motor neuron discharge, 160–161 importance of withdrawal reflex, 164 inhibitory states, 165 inverse stretch reflex, 162–163 monosynaptic reflexes, 158–164 muscle tone, 163 occlusion, 164 polysynaptic reflexes, 163–164 properties of, 164–165 properties of reflexes, 164–165 reciprocal innervation, 161–162 stimulus, 164 stretch reflex, 158–164 structure of muscle spindles, 158–159 withdrawal reflex, 163–164 Reflex ovulation, 421–422 Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 169 Refraction, 186 Refractory period, 87 Regional blood flow, 645 Regulated pathway, 43 Regulators of G protein signaling, 54 Regulatory elements, 11 Regurgitation, 513 Relative refractory period, 87 Relaxation heat, 104 Relaxation pressure curve, 595 Relaxed configuration, 610 Relaxin, 392 REM sleep. See Rapid eye movement sleep Renal circulation, 643–645 Renal compensation, 616 Renal function, 639–664 abnormal Na + metabolism, 660 acidosis, 660 adrenocortical steroids, 657–658 aquaporins, 652 autoregulation, renal blood flow, 644–645 bladder, 661–662 blood flow, 643–644 blood vessels, 642–643 capsule, 643 changes in, 647 collecting ducts, 653–654 control of, 646 countercurrent mechanism, 654–656 deafferentation, 662 denervation, 662 disordered renal function, 659–660 distal tubule, 653 diuretics, 659 emptying, 661–662 filling, 661 filtration fraction, 647 free water clearance, 657 functional anatomy, 640–643 functions of renal nerves, 644 glomerular filtration, 645–647 glomerulotubular balance, 651–652
glucose reabsorption, 650 glucose transport mechanism, 650 humoral effects, 658 hydrostatic pressure, 647 innervation of renal vessels, 643 K + excretion, 659 loop of Henle, 653 loss of concentrating ability, 660 lymphatics, 643 measuring GFR, 645 mechanisms, 657 Na + excretion, 657–658 Na + reabsorption, 648–649 nephron, 640–642 normal, 646 osmotic diuresis, 656 osmotic pressure, 647 oxygen consumption, 645 PAH transport, 651 permeability, 646 pressure in renal vessels, 644 proximal tubule, 652–653 reflex control, 662 regional blood flow, 645 regulation of renal blood flow, 644 renal circulation, 643–645 secondary active transport, 650–651 size of capillary bed, 646 spinal cord transection, 662 substances to measure, 645 tubular function, 647–657 tubular reabsorption, secretion, 648 tubuloglomerular feedback, 651–652 uremia, 660 urine concentration, 657 water diuresis, 658 water excretion, 658–659 water intoxication, 658–659 water transport, 652 Renal H + , 679–686 ammonia secretion, 680–681 bicarbonate excretion, 681 buffering, 683 factors affecting acid secretion, 681 H + balance, 682–683 metabolic acidosis, 684 metabolic alkalosis, 684 pH changes along nephrons, 681 reaction with buffers, 680 renal compensation, 683–684 Siggaard–Andersen curve nomogram, 684–686 unipolar leads, 492–494 Renal interstitial pressure, 643 Renal plasma flow, 643 Renal threshold, 650 Renal tubular acidosis, 660 Renin, 337, 670 Renin–angiotensin system, 670–674 Renin secretion, 673–674 Renin substrate, 670 Renorenal reflex, 643 Renshaw cell, 163 Replication, 13 Repolarization, 85 Representational hemisphere, 295 Reproductive system, 391–428 aberrant sexual differentiation, 396–398 abnormalities of ovarian function, 422–423 abnormalities of testicular function, 410 anabolic effects, 408 androgen-secreting tumors, 410 anovulatory cycles, 413–414 blood–testis barrier, 402–403 changes during intercourse, 414 chemistry, 406–407 chromosomal abnormalities, 396–397 chromosomal sex, 392–393 chromosomes, 392 contraception, 422 control of cycle, 421 control of ovarian function, 420–422 control of testicular function, 409–410 cryptorchidism, 410 cyclic changes in breasts, 414 cyclic changes in uterine cervix, 414 delayed, absent puberty, 400 development of brain, 396 development of breasts, 426 development of gonads, 394 ejaculation, 406 embryology of genitalia, 394–396 embryology of human reproductive system, 394–396 endocrine changes, 424 endocrine function of testes, 406–409 environmental estrogen, 418 erection, 405–406 estrous cycle, 415 failure to reject fetal graft, 424 feedback effects, 421 female reproductive system, 411–427 female secondary sex characteristics, 418 fertilization, 423–424 fetoplacental unit, 425 gametogenesis, 402–406 gynecomastia, 427 human chorionic gonadotropin, 424 human chorionic somatomammotropin, 424 hormonal abnormalities, 397–398 hormones, 427 hypothalamic components, 420–421 implantation, 423–424 indicators of ovulation, 414–415 infertility, 424 inhibins, 409–410 initiation of lactation after delivery, 427 lactation, 426–427 male hypogonadism, 410 male reproductive system, 402–410 mechanism of action, 408–409, 418–419 menopause, 400 menstrual abnormalities, 422–423 menstrual cycle, 411–415 metabolism, 407 normal menstruation, 413 ovarian cycle, 411–412 ovarian hormones, 416–420 parturition, 425–426 pituitary gonadotropins, 400–402 placental hormones, 425 precocious, delayed puberty, 399–400 pregnancy, 423–426 prolactin, 400–402 prolactin secretion, 401–402 PSA, 406 puberty, 398–400 reflex ovulation, 421–422 relaxin, 420 secondary sex characteristics, 407–408 secretion, 407, 417, 419 semen, 405 sex chromatin, 392–393 sex chromosomes, 392 INDEX 709 sex differentiation, 392–400 sexual precocity, 399–400 spermatogenesis, 403–404 spermatozoa development, 404 steroid feedback, 410 structure, 402 synthetic estrogen, 418 temperature, 405 testicular production of estrogens, 409 transport, 407 uterine cycle, 412–413 vaginal cycle, 414 vasectomy, 406 Residual cleft, 378 Residual volume, 593 Resistance, 539, 596 Resistance vessels, 543 Resonator, 210 Respiration, 591–600, 625–638 afferents from proprioceptors, 632–633 alveolar surface tension, 596–597 aortic bodies, 628–629 asphyxia, 634 blood flow, 599 breath holding, 631 bronchial tone, 594 carotid bodies, 628–629 changes in acid–base balance, 629 chemical control of breathing, 627–631 chemoreceptors in brain stem, 629 chest wall, 595–596 CO 2 , ventilatory responses to, 630 CO 2 response curve, 631 compliance of lungs, chest wall, 595–596 control systems, 625–626 coughing, 632 dead space, 599–600 drowning, 634 effect of H + on CO 2 response, 631 effects of exercise, 634–637 exercise tolerance, 637 expiration, 591–593 fatigue, 637 glottis, 594 inspiration, 591–593 lung volumes, 593–594 medullary systems, 626 neural control of breathing, 625–627 nonchemical influences on respiration, 632–634 oxygen lack, ventilatory response to, 630–631 periodic breathing, 634 pontine influences, 627 receptors in airways, lungs, 632 regulation of respiratory activity, 627 respiratory abnormalities, 634 respiratory components of visceral reflexes, 633 respiratory effects of baroreceptor stimulation, 633 respiratory muscles, 594 sleep, 634 sneezing, 632 surfactant, 597–598 tissues, changes in, 636–637 uneven ventilation, 599–600 vagal influences, 627 ventilation, 599, 634–636 work of breathing, 598–599 Respiratory acidosis, 615, 629, 681, 683 Respiratory alkalosis, 615, 629, 683 Respiratory burst, 64
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Ranges of Normal Values in Human Wh
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Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hil
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iv Key Features of the 23rd Edition
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About the Authors KIM E. BARRETT Ki
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viii CONTENTS 27. Digestion, Absorp
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2 SECTION I Cellular & Molecular Ba
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10 SECTION I Cellular & Molecular B
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80 SECTION II Physiology of Nerve &
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100 SECTION II Physiology of Nerve
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168 SECTION III Central & Periphera
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302 SECTION IV Endocrine & Reproduc
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430 SECTION V Gastrointestinal Phys
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490 SECTION VI Cardiovascular Physi
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588 SECTION VII Respiratory Physiol
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640 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology T
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642 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology m
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644 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology F
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646 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology N
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650 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology G
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652 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology t
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654 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology I
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Page 680 and 681: 668 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology p
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Page 692 and 693: 680 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology I
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Page 700 and 701: 688 Answers to Multiple Choice Ques
Page 702 and 703: 690 INDEX Angiotensin III, 671 Angi
Page 704 and 705: 692 INDEX Cannabinoids, 145, 179 Ca
Page 706 and 707: 694 INDEX Climbing fibers, 255 Clin
Page 708 and 709: 696 INDEX Endocrine functions of pa
Page 710 and 711: 698 INDEX Flaccid paralysis, 244 Fl
Page 712 and 713: 700 INDEX Hearing (continued) affer
Page 714 and 715: 702 INDEX Intrinsic system, 532 Int
Page 716 and 717: 704 INDEX Monoamines (continued) hi
Page 718 and 719: 706 INDEX Pacemaker (continued) imp
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Page 724 and 725: 712 INDEX Supratentorial lesions, 2
Page 726 and 727: 714 INDEX Vestibular system, 213-21
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Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd Edition

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