Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd Edition

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712 INDEX Supratentorial lesions, 247 Surfactant, 597–598 Sustaining collateral, 126 Sustentacular cells, 219 Swallowing, 471 Sweet, taste of, 224 Sympathectomy, 556 Sympathetic chain, 263 Sympathetic cholinergic vasodilator system, 556 Sympathetic division, 263–265 Sympathetic noradrenergic discharge, 268–269 Sympathetic paravertebral ganglion, 263 Synapse en passant, 125 Synapses, 115–116 Synaptic activity, chemical transmission, 129–134 chemistry of transmitters, 129–130 receptors, 130–132 reuptake, 132–134 Synaptic cleft, 115 Synaptic delay, 118 Synaptic knobs, 80, 116 Synaptic plasticity and learning, 291–292 Synaptic vesicles, 116 Synaptobrevin, 117 Synchronization, 234 Syncytiotrophoblast, 423 Syndrome X, 334 Syndromic deafness, 214 Long QT syndrome, 214 Pendred syndrome, 214 Syntaxin, 117 Synthetic agonists, antagonists, 668 Synthetic estrogen, 418 Syntrophins, 96 Systemic regulation by hormones, 566–567 circulating vasoconstrictors, 567 kinins, 566 natriuretic hormones, 566 Systemic response to injury, 76 Systolic pressure, 507, 544 T T system, 96 Tabes dorsalis, 662 Tachycardia, 497 Tachykinins, 143 Tacrolimus (FK-506), 75 Tactile acuity, 153 Tactile agnosia, 155 Tamoxifen, 418, 427 Tangent screen, 198 Tardive dyskinesia, 252 Taste intensity discriminations, 226 modalities, 224 transduction, 224–226 Taste buds, 223 Taste cells, 223 TATA box, 11 Taxol, 35 TBG. See Thyroxine-binding globulin T cell receptors, 72 Tectorial membrane, 206 Tectospinal tract, 246 Temperature, 167–172, 611 afferents, 285 effect of, 405 fever, 285–286 heat loss, 284–285 heat production, 283–284 hypothermia, 286 normal body temperature, 283 regulation, 282–286 temperature-regulating mechanisms, 285 Temperature-regulating mechanisms, 285 Temporal bone, 205 Temporal pathway, 195 Temporal summation, 120 Tense configuration, 610 Tensor tympani, 203 Terminal boutons, 116 Terminal buttons, 80 Terminal cisterns, 96 Tertiary adrenal insufficiency, 360 Tertiary structure, 17 Testes, endocrine function, 406–409 actions, 407 anabolic effects, 408 estrogens, testicular production of, 409 mechanism of action, 408–409 metabolism, 407 secondary sex characteristics, 407–408 secretion, 407 testosterone, 406–407 transport, 407 Testicular descent, 410 Testicular feminizing syndrome, 398 Testicular function, 409–410 inhibins, 409–410 steroid feedback, 410 Testosterone, 392 Testotoxicosis, 59 Tetanus, 101 Tetanus toxin, 119 Tetrahydrobiopterin, 138 Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiency, 138 Tetraploid, 13 TGF. See Transforming growth factor TGFα. See Transforming growth factor alpha Thalamic fasciculus, 250 Thalamic nuclei, 229–230 Thalamic reticular nucleus, 230 Thalamocortical loop, 235–236 Thalamostriatal pathway, 250 Thalamus, 229–231 Thebesian veins, 578 Theca interna, 412 Thelarche, 398 Thermal gradient, 284 Thermal nociceptors, 167 Thermodilution, 514 Thermoreceptors, 167–168 Theta rhythm, 234 Thiazolidinediones, 327 Third-degree heart block. See Complete heart block Third sound, 512 Thirst, 276 Thoracic pump, 549 Threshold intensity, 85 Threshold potential, 85 Thrombasthenic purpura, 75 Thrombocytopenic purpura, 75 Thrombocytosis, 523 Thrombomodulin, 533 Thrombopoietin, 75 Thromboxane A 2 , 563 Thyroglobulin, 304 Thyroglossal duct, 302 Thyroid gland, 301–314 calorigenesis, 310–312 calorigenic action, 310 carbohydrate metabolism, 313 cardiovascular system, 312 catecholamines, 312 chemistry, 302–303 cholesterol metabolism, 313 control mechanisms, 308 fluctuations in binding, 306 formation, secretion, 302–305 growth, effects on, 313 iodide transport across thyrocytes, 303 iodine homeostasis, 303 mechanism of action, 308–310 metabolism of thyroid hormones, 305–307 nervous system, 312 protein binding, 305–306 regulation of thyroid secretion, 307–308 secretion, 302–305 skeletal muscle, 312 synthesis, 304–305 thyroid growth, 308 transport of thyroid hormones, 305–307 TSH, 307–308 Thyroid growth, 308 Thyroid hormone, 332 effects of, 308–313 formation, secretion, 302–305 metabolism, 305–307 secretion, 302–305 synthesis, 304–305 Thyroid hormones, 371 Thyroid hormone thermogenesis, 308 Thyroid isthmus, 302 Thyroid peroxidase, 304 Thyroid secretion, 307–308 Thyroid-stimulating hormone, 279, 377 chemistry, 307 effects on thyroid, 307–308 metabolism, 307 receptors, 308 Thyroid storms, 312 Thyrotoxic myopathy, 312 Thyrotropin, 279, 377 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, 280 Thyroxine-binding globulin, 305 Tickle, 168 Tidal volume, 593 Tight junctions, 38 Timbre, 209 Timing, heart, 510 Tinnitus, 216 Tinohypothalamic fibers, 236 Tip links, 207 Tissue conductance, 284 Tissue factor pathway inhibitor, 533 Tissue kallikrein, 566 Tissue macrophage system, 65 Tissue macrophages, 65 Tissue renin–angiotensin systems, 672 Tissue-type plasminogen activator, 533 Titratable acidity, 680 Titration line, 685 Tm. See Transport maximum Tolerance, 179 Tone, 110, 163 Tonic–clonic seizure, 233 Tonic contractions, 475 Tonic phase, 233 Tonic receptors. See Slowly adapting receptors Tonicity, 6, 665 Tonsils, 605 Tonus, 110, 163 Torsade de pointes, 500 Total blood volume, 2
Total body water, 2 Total dead space, 600 Total electromechanical systole, 510 Total tension, 102 Toxin botulinum, 119 tetanus, 119 t-PA. See Tissue-type plasminogen activator Trabecular bones, 371 Transaminases, 18 Transcortin, 346 Transcription, 13 Transcytosis, 49–50 Transducin, 191 Transfer RNA, 13 Transferrin, 459 Transforming growth factor, 91 Transforming growth factor alpha, 50 Transfusion reactions, 528–529 Transient receptor potential, 168 Translation, 14, 17 Translocon, 17 Transmission in sympathetic ganglia, 266 Transmitters, chemistry of, 129–130 Transmural pressure, 543 Transport across cell membranes, 43–49 caveolae, 44 coats, 45 endocytosis, 43–44 exocytosis, 43 ion channels, 46–47 membrane permeability, 45–46 Na, K ATPase, 47 rafts, 44 regulation of Na, K ATPase activity, 47 secondary active transport, 48–49 transport across epithelia, 49 vesicle transport, 45 Transport across epithelia, 49 Transport adrenocortical hormones, 346–348 aldosterone, 347–348 glucocorticoid binding, 346–347 ketosteroids (17-ketosteroids), 348 metabolism of glucocorticoids, 347 Transport maximum, 648 Transport proteins, 45 Transport of thyroid hormones, 305–307 Transthyretin, 305 Traube–Hering waves, 562 Traveling waves, 210–211 Trehalase, 452 Tremor at rest, 253 TRH. See Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Trichromats, 196 Trifascicular block, 497 Trinucleotide repeat, 43, 252 Triple response, 581 Trk receptors, 90 tRNA. See Transfer RNA Trophic action, 443 Trophic support of neurons, 89–90 Tropic hormones, 377 Tropomyosin, 94 Troponin, 52, 94 Troponin C, 94 Troponin I, 94 Troponin T, 94 TRP. See Transient receptor potential True cholinesterase, 135 True hermaphroditism, 396 True plasma, 682 True precocious puberty, 399 TSH. See Thyroid-stimulating hormone T-snare, 117 Tubular function, 647–657 aquaporins, 652 collecting ducts, 653–654 countercurrent mechanism, 654–656 distal tubule, 653 free water clearance, 657 glomerulotubular balance, 651–652 glucose reabsorption, 650 glucose transport mechanism, 650 loop of Henle, 653 Na + reabsorption, 648–649 osmotic diuresis, 656 PAH transport, 651 proximal tubule, 652–653 secondary active transport, 650–651 tubular reabsorption and secretion, 648 tubuloglomerular feedback, 651–652 urine concentration, 657 water transport, 652 Tubular myelin, 597 Tubular reabsorption, 639 Tubular secretion, 639 Tubuloglomerular feedback, 651–652 Tufted cells, 220 Tumor suppressor genes, 43 Two-point discrimination threshold, 153 Two-point threshold test, 153 Tympanic membrane, 203 Tympanic reflex, 210 Type 1 diabetes, 334 Type 2 diabetes, 334–335 Type I cells, 589 Type I medullary interstitial cells, 642 Type II cells, 590 Types of contraction, 100–101 Tyrosine hydroxylase, 138 U Ubiquitination, 18 Ultrasonography, 486 Uncal herniation, 247, 249 Uncompensated, 683–684 Uncompensated metabolic acidosis, 616 Uncompensated respiratory acidosis, 615 Uncompensated respiratory alkalosis, 615 Unconditioned stimulus, 292 Uneven ventilation, 599–600 Unipolar leads, 492–494 Unipolar recording, 492 Uniports, 46 Unitary smooth muscle, 109 Units for measuring concentration of solutes, 2 equivalents, 2 moles, 2 Unmyelinated, 82 Up-regulation, 50 Upper motor neuron lesion, 163 Upper motor neurons, 243, 244 Uracil, 13 Urea formation, 18 Uremia, 660 Urinary tract infection, 250 Urine acidification, 679–687 Urine flow, 645 Urokinase-type plasminogen activator, 533 Urotensin-II, 567 Uterine cervix, cyclic changes in, 414 Uterine circulation, 581–582 Uterine cycle, 412–413 Utricle, 206 INDEX 713 V Vagal tone, 556 Vaginal cycle, 414 Valsalva maneuver, 561–562 Vanae comitantes, 285 Vanilloid receptors, 168 Varicose veins, 550 Varicosities, 125 Vas deferens, 402 Vasa recta, 642 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 539 Vascular hindrance, 542 Vascular reactivity, 349 Vascular smooth muscle, 536 Vasculogenesis, 539 Vasectomy, 406 Vasoconstriction, 555 Vasodilation, 555 Vasodilator metabolites, 563 Vasomotor nerves, 575 Vasopressin, 277, 279, 377, 666 receptors, 279, 665–666 Vasopressin secretion stimuli affecting, 667 volume effects, 667 Vectorcardiograms, 496 Vectorcardiography, 495–496 VEGF. See Vascular endothelial growth factor Venoconstriction, 555 Venodilation, 555 Venous circulation, 549 Venous occlusion plethysmography, 539 Venous pressure air embolism, 550 effects of heartbeat, 549 flow, 549–550 in head, 550 measuring, 550 muscle pump, 549–550 thoracic pump, 549 venous pressure in head, 550 Venous-to-arterial shunts, 620 Venous valves, 538 Ventilation/perfusion imbalance, 620 ratios, 603 Ventral cochlear nuclei, 211 Ventral corticospinal tract, 242 Ventral pathway, 195 Ventral posterior lateral, 173 Ventral posterior thalamic nucleus, 176 Ventral tegmental area, 179 Ventricular arrhythmias, 499–501 Ventricular ejection, 508 Ventricular fibrillation, 500 Ventricular systole, 489, 508 Ventrolateral cordotomy, 177 Ventrolateral spinothalamic tract, 175–177 cortical plasticity, 176 effects of CNS lesions, 176–177 Verbal system, 292 Vermis, 254 Vertigo, 216 benign paroxysmal positional, 216 Very low density lipoproteins, 26 Vesicle transport, 45 Vesicular traffic, 40–42 Vesicular transport, 49, 537 Vestibular apparatus, 213 Vestibular movements, 199 Vestibular nuclei, 213
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Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hil
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iv Key Features of the 23rd Edition
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About the Authors KIM E. BARRETT Ki
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viii CONTENTS 27. Digestion, Absorp
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2 SECTION I Cellular & Molecular Ba
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10 SECTION I Cellular & Molecular B
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80 SECTION II Physiology of Nerve &
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100 SECTION II Physiology of Nerve
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168 SECTION III Central & Periphera
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302 SECTION IV Endocrine & Reproduc
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430 SECTION V Gastrointestinal Phys
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490 SECTION VI Cardiovascular Physi
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588 SECTION VII Respiratory Physiol
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640 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology T
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642 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology m
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654 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology I
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658 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology T
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660 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology C
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Page 700 and 701: 688 Answers to Multiple Choice Ques
Page 702 and 703: 690 INDEX Angiotensin III, 671 Angi
Page 704 and 705: 692 INDEX Cannabinoids, 145, 179 Ca
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Page 716 and 717: 704 INDEX Monoamines (continued) hi
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Page 720 and 721: 708 INDEX Proprioceptors, 632-633 P
Page 722 and 723: 710 INDEX Respiratory compensation,
Page 726 and 727: 714 INDEX Vestibular system, 213-21
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