Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd Edition

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696 INDEX Endocrine functions of pancreas (continued) catecholamines, 331–332 changes in protein metabolism, 323 cholesterol metabolism, 324 coma, 324 cyclic AMP, 327 diabetes mellitus, 333–334 exercise, 331 fat derivatives, 327 fat metabolism in diabetes, 323–324 glucagon, 328–330 glucose tolerance, 321–323 glucose transporters, 318 growth hormone, 332 hyperglycemia, 323 hypoglycemia, 332–333 insulin, 316–320 insulin deficiency, 321–325 insulin excess, 325–326 insulin-glucagon molar ratios, 330 insulin preparations, 319 intestinal hormones, 328 intracellular glucose deficiency, 323 islet cell hormones, 330–331 islet cell structure, 316 long-term changes in B cell responses, 328 mechanism of action, 320–321, 921 metabolic syndrome, 334–335 metabolism, 318, 329 obesity, 334–335 pancreatic islets, 331 pancreatic polypeptide, 331 plasma glucose level, 326–327 protein, 327 regulation of insulin secretion, 326–327 regulation of secretion, 329–330 relation to potassium, 319 secreted insulin, 318–320 secretion, 317–318 somatostatin, 330–331 thyroid hormones, 332 type 2 diabetes, 334–335 types of diabetes, 334 Endocytosis, 43–44 Endogenous pathway, 24 Endogenous pyrogens, 286 Endolymph, 205 Endopeptidases, 455 Endoplasmic, 40 Endoplasmic reticulum, 40 Endothelial cells, 563 Endothelial derived relaxation factor, 111–112 Endothelin-converting enzyme, 565 Endothelin-1, 564–565 Endothelins, 564–565 Endothelium, 535 carbon monoxide, 564 cardiovascular functions, 565 endothelial cells, 563 endothelin-1, 564–565 endothelins, 564–565 nitric oxide, 563–564 prostacyclin, 563 regulation of secretion, 565 substances secreted by, 563–566 thromboxane A 2 , 563 Endothelium-derived relaxing factor, 564 Energy balance, 462–463 Energy production, 1–30 acid–base balance, 2–3 amino acid pool, 16 amino acids, 15–19 biologic oxidations, 8–10 body as organized solution, 2 breakdown, 21–22 buffering, 4 carbohydrates, 19–23 catabolism of amino acids, 18 cellular lipids, 24 cholesterol metabolism, 27 citric acid cycle, 20 diffusion, 4–5 directional-flow valves, 21 DNA, 11–13 Donnan effect, 6–7 eicosanoids, 28–29 electrolytes, 2–3 energy transfer, 8 equivalents, 2 essential fatty acids, 27 factors determining plasma glucose level, 22–23 fatty acid oxidation, synthesis, 23 fatty acids, 23–29 forces acting on ions, 7–8 free fatty acid metabolism, 27 genesis of membrane potential, 8 glycogen synthesis, 21–22 hexoses, 23 ketone bodies, 23–24 lipid transport, 24, 26–27 lipids, 23–29 meiosis, 13 metabolic functions of amino acids, 19 mitosis, 13 molecular building blocks, 10–15 moles, 2 nonionic diffusion, 6 nucleic acids, 10–11 nucleosides, 10–11 nucleotides, 10–11 osmolal concentration of plasma, 6 osmosis, 5–6 pH, 4 plasma lipids, 24–27 post-translational modification, 17–18 principles, 2–8 protein degradation, 18 proteins, 16–17 protein synthesis, 17 replication, 13 RNA, 13–15 tonicity, 6 units for measuring concentration of solutes, 2 urea formation, 18 water, 2–3 Energy sources, 102–104 carbohydrate breakdown, 103 heat production in muscle, 104 oxygen debt mechanism, 104 phosphorylcreatine, 102–103 rigor, 104 Energy transfer, 8 Enkephalins, 177–178 Enteric nervous system, 261, 269–271, 442, 448 Enterochromaffin, 443 Enterochromaffin-like cells, 443 Enteroendocrine cells, 443 Enterohepatic circulation, 438, 482 Enterokinase, 455 Entorhinal cortex, 221 Envelope, 40 Environmental estrogen, 418 Enzymes, 33 Eosinophils, 63–64, 523 Epididymis, 402 Epilepsy childhood absence, 233 generalized with febrile seizures, 233 idiopathic, 233 Epinephrine, 138, 337 effects of, 340–342 Epineurium, 88 Epiphyses, 371 Epiphysial closure, 371 Epiphysial plate, 371 Episodic memory, 290 Epithelial sodium channels, 47 EPSP. See Excitatory postsynaptic potential Equilibrium, 203–218 middle ear, 203–205 Erection, 405–406 ERPF. See Effective renal plasma flow Erythroblastosis fetalis, 530 Erythrocytes, 523 Erythropoiesis, 677 Erythropoietin, 65, 677 regulation of secretion, 677 sources, 677 structure, function, 677 Escape phenomenon, 658 Esophagus, 471 Essential fatty acids, 27 Estradiol (17β-estradiol), 416 Estriol, 416 Estrogen-dependent, 427 Estrogens, 348, 371, 392 chemistry, 416 Estrone, 416 Estrous cycle, 415 Estrus, 415 Eukaryotes, 32 Eunuchoidism, 400, 410 Euploid, 13 Euthyroid, 306 Evoked cortical potentials, 231–232 Excitability, 79 Excitable tissue, 79–114 action potential, 86–87, 106 all-or-none law, 85–86 antidromic conduction, 88 axonal transport, 82–83 biphasic action potentials, 88 carbohydrate breakdown, 103 cardiac muscle morphology, 106 cellular elements in CNS, 80–93 changes in excitability during electrotonic potentials, 86–87 conduction, 83–88 contractile response, 96–102, 107–108 correlation between muscle fiber length, tension, 109 distribution of ion channels in myelinated neurons, 85 dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, 96 effects of denervation, 104 electrical activity, 110 electrical characteristics, skeletal muscle, 96 electrical phenomena, 96 electrical properties, 106–107 electrogenesis of action potential, 87 electromyography, 105 electrotonic potentials, 86 energy sources, 102–104 excitation, 83–88 fiber types, 102 fluxes, 96
force generations, smooth muscle, 112 function of nerve supply to smooth muscle, 112 glial cells, 80 heat production in muscle, 104 ion distribution, 96 ionic fluxes, 96 ionic fluxes during action potential, 85 lipid breakdown, 103 local response, 86 mechanical properties, 107–109 metabolism, 102–104, 109 molecular basis of contraction, 97–100, 110–111 motor unit, 104–105 muscle fiber length and tension, 109 muscle twitch, 97 nerve fiber types, function, 88–89 neuronal growth, 91 neurons, 80–92 neurotrophins, 89–91 orthodromic conduction, 88 oxygen debt mechanism, 104 phosphorylcreatine, 102–103 plasticity of smooth muscle, 112 properties of mixed nerves, 88 properties of skeletal muscles, 104–106 receptors, 90 relation between muscle length, 102 relaxation, 111–112 resting membrane, 106 resting membrane potential, 83–85 rigor, 104 saltatory conduction, 87–88 sarcotubular system, 96 skeletal muscle morphology, 93–96 smooth muscle morphology, 109–112 strength of skeletal muscles, 105–106 striations, 95–96 summation of contractions, 101–102 trophic support of neurons, 89–90 types of contraction, 100–101 Excitation, 83–88 Excitation-contraction coupling, 100 Excitatory amino acids, 140–143 Excitatory junction potentials, 125 Excitatory postsynaptic potential, 117–120 Exercise, 331, 634–637 changes in tissues, 636–637 changes in ventilation, 634–636 exercise tolerance, 637 fatigue, 637 Exocytosis, 42–43, 64 Exogenous pathway, 24 Exons, 11 Exopeptidases, 455 Excitotoxins, 135 Expiration, 591–593 Expiratory muscles, 594 Expiratory reserve volume, 593 Explicit memory, 290 Exportins, 40 External auditory meatus, 203 External ear, 203–205 External hydrocephalus, 571 External intercostal muscles, 594 External respiration, 587 External urethral sphincter, 661 Exteroceptors, 219 Extracellular fluid, 2, 665–678 actions of angiotensins, 672 angiotensin-converting enzyme, 670–671 angiotensin II, 670–673 angiotensinogen, 670 erythropoietin, 677 heart hormones, 674–676 juxtaglomerular apparatus, 673 metabolism, 666, 676 metabolism of angiotensin II, 671–672 Na, K ATPase-inhibiting factor, 676 natriuretic factors, 674–676 natriuretic peptide receptors, 675–676 osmotic stimuli, 666–667 regulation of renin secretion, 673–674 regulation of secretion, 677 renin, 670 renin–angiotensin system, 670–674 secretion, 676 sources, 677 structure, function, 677 synthetic agonists, antagonists, 668 tissue renin–angiotensin systems, 672 tonicity, 665–668 vasopressin, 666 vasopressin receptors, 665–666 vasopressin secretion, 667 volume, 6690670 Extraction ratio, 643 Extrafusal fibers, 158 Extramedullary hematopoiesis, 522 Extrasystole beat, 498 Extrinsic innervation, 442, 448–449 Extrinsic system, 533 Eye movements, 199 superior colliculi, 199 F Face recognition, 298 Facilitated diffusion, 46, 318 Facilitation at synapses, 121–123 indirect inhibition, 121 Factors affecting neuronal growth, 91 Familial hypercalciuric hypocalcemia, 59 Familial hypercholesterolemia, 28 Familiarity, 293–294 Fascicular block, 497 Fasciculations, 104, 244 Fast axonal transport, 82 Fast excitatory postsynaptic potential, 266 Fast pain, 168 Fastigial nuclei, 254 Fat absorption, 457–458 Fat derivatives, 327 Fat digestion, 457 Fat metabolism, 382 in diabetes, 323–324 Fatigue, 637 Fatty acid oxidation, synthesis, 23 Fatty acids, 23–29 Feature detectors, 194 Female pseudohermaphroditism, 397 Female reproductive system, 411–427 abnormalities of ovarian function, 422–423 actions, 419 anovulatory cycles, 413–414 breasts, 417 central nervous system, 417 changes during intercourse, 414 chemistry, 416, 418–419 contraception, 422 control of cycle, 421 control of ovarian function, 420–422 cyclic changes in breasts, 414 cyclic changes in uterine cervix, 414 development of breasts, 426 INDEX 697 endocrine changes, 424 endocrine organs, 417 environmental estrogen, 418 estrous cycle, 415 failure to reject fetal graft, 424 feedback effects, 421 female genitalia, 417 female secondary sex characteristics, 418 fertilization, 423–424 fetoplacental unit, 425 gynecomastia, 427 hormones, 427 human chorionic gonadotropin, 424 human chorionic somatomammotropin, 424 hypothalamic components, 420–421 implantation, 423–424 indicators of ovulation, 414–415 infertility, 424 initiation of lactation after delivery, 427 lactation, 426–427 lactation on menstrual cycles, 427 mechanism of action, 418–419 menstrual abnormalities, 422–423 menstrual cycle, 411–415 normal menstruation, 413 ovarian cycle, 411–412 ovarian hormones, 416–420 parturition, 425–426 placental hormones, 425 pregnancy, 423–426 reflex ovulation, 421–422 relaxin, 420 secretion, 417, 419 synthetic estrogen, 418 uterine cycle, 412–413 vaginal cycle, 414 Fenestrations, 537 Ferroportin 1, 459 Fertilin, 423 Fertilization, 423–424 Fetal adrenal cortex, 338 Fetal circulation, 582 changes in, 584 Fetal hemoglobin, 525 Fetal respiration, 582–583 Fetus, hemoglobin in, 525–526 FEV 1, 593 Fever, 285–286 FGF. See Fibroblast growth factor Fiber types, 102 Fibrillations, 104 Fibrin, 531–532 Fibrin monomer, 532 Fibrinogen, 530 Fibrinolysin, 533 Fibrinolytic system, 533 Fibroblast growth factor, 91 Fibrous astrocytes, 80 Fick principle, 513, 574 Fick’s law of diffusion, 5 Filamentous actin, 36 Filtration, 49 Filtration fraction, 647 Filtration slits, 640 Final common paths, 164 Firing level, 86 First-degree heart block, 497 First messengers, 51 First polar body, 412 First sound, 512 FK-506. See Tacrolimus Flaccid, 163
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Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hil
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iv Key Features of the 23rd Edition
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About the Authors KIM E. BARRETT Ki
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viii CONTENTS 27. Digestion, Absorp
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2 SECTION I Cellular & Molecular Ba
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10 SECTION I Cellular & Molecular B
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80 SECTION II Physiology of Nerve &
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100 SECTION II Physiology of Nerve
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168 SECTION III Central & Periphera
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302 SECTION IV Endocrine & Reproduc
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430 SECTION V Gastrointestinal Phys
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490 SECTION VI Cardiovascular Physi
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588 SECTION VII Respiratory Physiol
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640 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology T
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642 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology m
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644 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology F
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Page 700 and 701: 688 Answers to Multiple Choice Ques
Page 702 and 703: 690 INDEX Angiotensin III, 671 Angi
Page 704 and 705: 692 INDEX Cannabinoids, 145, 179 Ca
Page 706 and 707: 694 INDEX Climbing fibers, 255 Clin
Page 710 and 711: 698 INDEX Flaccid paralysis, 244 Fl
Page 712 and 713: 700 INDEX Hearing (continued) affer
Page 714 and 715: 702 INDEX Intrinsic system, 532 Int
Page 716 and 717: 704 INDEX Monoamines (continued) hi
Page 718 and 719: 706 INDEX Pacemaker (continued) imp
Page 720 and 721: 708 INDEX Proprioceptors, 632-633 P
Page 722 and 723: 710 INDEX Respiratory compensation,
Page 724 and 725: 712 INDEX Supratentorial lesions, 2
Page 726 and 727: 714 INDEX Vestibular system, 213-21
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