Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd Edition

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568 SECTION VI Cardiovascular Physiology CHAPTER RESOURCES Ahluwalia A, MacAllister RJ, Hobbs AJ: Vascular actions of natriuretic peptides. Cyclic GMP-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Basic Res Cardiol 2004;99:83. Benarroch EE: Central Autonomic Network. Functional Organization and Clinical Correlations. Futura Publishing, 1997. Chapleau MW, Abboud F (editors): Neuro-cardiovascular regulation: From molecules to man. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001;940. de Burgh Daly M: Peripheral Arterial Chemoreceptors and Respiratory-Cardiovascular Integration. Clarendon Press, 1997. Haddy FJ, Vanhouttee PM, Feletou M: Role of potassium in regulating blood flow and blood pressure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006;290:R546. Loewy AD, Spyer KM (editors): Central Regulation of Autonomic Function. Oxford University Press, 1990. Marshall JM: Peripheral chemoreceptors and cardiovascular regulation. Physiol Rev 1994;74:543. Paffett ML, Walker BR: Vascular adaptations to hypoxia: Molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating vascular tone. Essays Biochem 2007;43:105. Squire LR, Bloom FE, Spitzer NC, du Lac S, Ghosh A, Berg D (editors): Fundamental Neuroscience, 3rd ed. Academic Press, 2008. Trouth CO, Millis RM, Kiwull-Schöne HF, Schläfke ME: Ventral Brainstem Mechanisms and Control of Respiration and Blood Pressure. Marcel Dekker, 1995.
Circulation Through Special Regions OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: ■ Define the special features of the circulation in the brain, coronary vessels, skin, and fetus, and how these are regulated. ■ Describe how cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed and reabsorbed, and its role in protecting the brain from injury. ■ Understand how the blood–brain barrier impedes the entry of specific substances into the brain. ■ Delineate how the oxygen needs of the contracting myocardium are met by the coronary arteries and the consequences of their occlusion. ■ List the vascular reactions of the skin and the reflexes that mediate them. ■ Understand how the fetus is supplied with oxygen and nutrients in utero, and the circulatory events required for a transition to independent life after birth. INTRODUCTION The distribution of the cardiac output to various parts of the body at rest in a normal man is shown in Table 34–1. The general principles described in preceding chapters apply to the circulation of all these regions, but the vascular supplies of many organs have additional special features that are important to their physiology. The portal circulation of the anterior CEREBRAL CIRCULATION: ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS VESSELS The principal arterial inflow to the brain in humans is via four arteries: two internal carotids and two vertebrals. In humans, the carotid arteries are quantitatively the most significant. The vertebral arteries unite to form the basilar artery, and the basilar artery and the carotids form the circle of Willis below the hypothalamus. The circle of Willis is the origin of the six large vessels supplying the cerebral cortex. Substances injected into C H A P T E R 34 pituitary is discussed in Chapter 24, the pulmonary circulation in Chapter 35, the renal circulation in Chapter 38, and the circulation of the splanchnic area, particularly the intestines and liver, in Chapters 26 and 29. This chapter is concerned with the special circulations of the brain, the heart, and the skin, as well as the placenta and fetus. one carotid artery are distributed almost exclusively to the cerebral hemisphere on that side. Normally no crossing over occurs, probably because the pressure is equal on both sides. Even when it is not, the anastomotic channels in the circle do not permit a very large flow. Occlusion of one carotid artery, particularly in older patients, often causes serious symptoms of cerebral ischemia. There are precapillary anastomoses between the cerebral vessels, but flow through these channels is generally insufficient to maintain the circulation and prevent infarction when a cerebral artery is occluded. Venous drainage from the brain by way of the deep veins and dural sinuses empties principally into the internal jugular veins in humans, although a small amount of venous blood 569
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Ranges of Normal Values in Human Wh
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Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hil
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iv Key Features of the 23rd Edition
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About the Authors KIM E. BARRETT Ki
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viii CONTENTS 27. Digestion, Absorp
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2 SECTION I Cellular & Molecular Ba
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80 SECTION II Physiology of Nerve &
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100 SECTION II Physiology of Nerve
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168 SECTION III Central & Periphera
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302 SECTION IV Endocrine & Reproduc
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430 SECTION V Gastrointestinal Phys
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490 SECTION VI Cardiovascular Physi
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618 SECTION VII Respiratory Physiol
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640 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology T
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642 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology m
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644 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology F
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646 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology N
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650 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology G
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652 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology t
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654 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology I
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660 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology C
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662 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology d
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668 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology p
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670 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology l
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672 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology A
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676 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology E
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678 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology o
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680 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology I
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682 SECTION VIII Renal Physiology C
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688 Answers to Multiple Choice Ques
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690 INDEX Angiotensin III, 671 Angi
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692 INDEX Cannabinoids, 145, 179 Ca
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694 INDEX Climbing fibers, 255 Clin
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696 INDEX Endocrine functions of pa
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698 INDEX Flaccid paralysis, 244 Fl
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700 INDEX Hearing (continued) affer
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702 INDEX Intrinsic system, 532 Int
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704 INDEX Monoamines (continued) hi
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708 INDEX Proprioceptors, 632-633 P
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710 INDEX Respiratory compensation,
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712 INDEX Supratentorial lesions, 2
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714 INDEX Vestibular system, 213-21
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Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd Edition

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