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APPENDIX 4 189 Bias See Demand characteristics, Experimenter bias, Halo effect, Observer bias and Signal detection theory Bibliographic Software for storing, grouping and searching reference software lists; will usually have a facility for citing while you write (cwyw), which allows you to call up a reference to put in what you are writing and to create a reference list at the end Big Five (Five Factor The five factors of personality identified empirically by model) Goldberg (1993): Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism; the initials provide a neat acronym to act as a mnemonic – OCEAN Blindsight A condition caused by damage to the visual cortex, in which a person can be shown to respond to visual stimuli without consciously perceiving them Body mass index A formula that assesses the weight of a person according to (BMI) their height in order to provide an estimate of the extent to which they are over- or underweight; it is calculated by dividing the weight in kilograms by the square of the height in metres Boolean search A method of searching the web that enables you to make <strong>your</strong> search more precise by using the terms ‘and’, ‘and not’ and/or ‘or’ before <strong>your</strong> keywords Case study An empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context; in clinical work, it refers to a report of an individual patient or client Classical A kind of learning first described in dogs by Pavlov, which conditioning is simply dependent on the association of stimuli and responses in the right arrangement; much advertising, which uses the association of a neutral or even harmful product with an attractive but irrelevant context to make us want to buy that product, depends on the belief that humans can be conditioned too; see also Operant conditioning Clever Hans effect The tendency of participants, particularly animals, to use cues given to them, perhaps unconsciously, by the experimenter to achieve a misleading result; so called after a famous German horse called Hans, who had apparently been trained to perform complex arithmetical calculations, giving the answer by tapping his hoof; the psychologist Oskar Pfungst (1911) demonstrated after prolonged study that Hans was responding to the unconscious body language of his trainer, a maths teacher, which was telling him when to stop tapping
190 STUDY SKILLS FOR PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS Cognitive A psychological therapy that emphasizes the need to behavioural therapy change the way a client is thinking about themselves and (CBT) their situation Cognitive dissonance The idea, first proposed by Festinger (1957), that when theory some of our experiences, beliefs, attitudes feelings or actions are inconsistent with each other we find this unpleasant, and reinterpret or change them to make them consistent Collusion Occurs when two or more students consciously collaborate in producing work that is then submitted by each as their own effort, unless this has been formally condoned as a group project, in which case it is viewed as collaboration; this is likely to be picked up by plagiarism software such as Turnitin Conditioning See Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning Confidence rating A judgement, usually using a Likert scale, of how certain a participant is about a decision he has made; important, for example, in evaluating the accuracy of eye-witness testimony where it has been shown that the more confident a witness is the more likely their recall is to be accurate (Roberts & Higham, 2002) Constancy The property of our perceptual system that enables us to perceive things as unchanging when the stimulus generating that perception is changing – for example, by changing its distance from us Content analysis A systematic, replicable technique for compressing many words of text into fewer content categories based on explicit rules of coding Déjà vu The, incorrect, feeling that you have encountered or experienced an event before Demand The tendency of participants in experiments to produce characteristics the results they or the experimenter are expecting to achieve, or sometimes – just to annoy – the opposite of these Depth of processing The idea that the deeper the level of processing during hypothesis learning the better the subsequent retention and retrieval Digital object A number that provides an identification for a document identifier (DOI) on the web, which is more permanent than the web address and enables you to localize the document even if it has moved to a new website (see also Appendix 1) Discourse analysis A general term for a number of approaches to analysing written, spoken or signed language use
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Page 233 and 234: 218 INDEX Blindsight, 189 Body mass
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Page 237 and 238: 222 INDEX Phenomenology, 196 Piaget
Page 239 and 240: 224 INDEX t-test, 209 Turnitin, 84-
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