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APPENDIX 4 191 Displacement Activity, often trivial like tidying your desk, which you do activity instead of the priority task, like writing that assignment (actually, a term from animal behaviour where animals do something apparently irrelevant in the face of two conflicting motivations – for example, preening behaviour in the chaffinch when in an approach-avoidance conflict) Distal (see also Further from centre of body Proximal) Dose response curve The relationship, expressed most clearly graphically, between the level of a treatment (the dose of a drug) and the size of the effect of that drug (the response); often used metaphorically for non-drug-related treatments Double blind An experimental design where neither the participant nor the researcher running the experiment knows what the condition is – for example, when comparing the performance of a group taking a drug with those taking a placebo; it avoids biasing the results because of experimenter bias, observer bias or demand characteristics Dyslexia A specific learning disability that manifests primarily as a difficulty with written language, particularly with reading and spelling Empirical/ Based on observation or experiment; contrasting with empirically ‘philosophical’, which implies not based on evidence but relying solely on logical argument Ethical approval There is a requirement to obtain formal approval for any research involving humans or their personal data; obtaining this will require evidence of adequate procedures for ensuring that participants have given their informed consent and that all risks have been considered and minimized (see pages 143–144) European Computer A qualification for general skills in ICT, which your Driving Licence university may offer free to all its students; it consists of (ECDL) seven modules – Concepts of Information Technology, Using the Computer and Managing Files, Word processing, Spreadsheets, Databases, Presentation, and Information and Communication; not difficult and looks good on your CV Experiment Research where data are collected to test a particular hypothesis Experimenter bias The tendency for experimenters to bias the results of an experiment towards the expected or desired outcome; this is a particular danger in qualitative research
192 STUDY SKILLS FOR PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS Fabrication The invention of data; the most infamous case in psychology being Cyril Burt’s twin studies (Mackintosh, 1995) Factor analysis The statistical technique of identifying a small number of factors that can account for differences in behaviour – for example, variations in personality; fun is had in then naming these factors; it all looks like magic until you understand the underlying maths False negative Failing to report the presence of a stimulus; for example, missing your friend’s face in a crowd False positive Incorrectly reporting the presence of a stimulus that is not present; for example, seeing a ghost Flash bulb memories Remarkably vivid and seemingly permanent memories typical of highly emotional and personal events in one’s life; they can also be of personal circumstances during an event that did not affect one personally, such as a leader’s assassination or 9/11 Folk (or naïve) Everyday usage of psychological ideas, concepts and psychology terms, often based on no or little evidence; for example, ‘redheads have short tempers’; racist and sexist assertions fall into this category Forced choice An experimental procedure where the participant has to choose one of two or more alternatives; they are not allowed to say they do not know (multiple-choice test exams work on the same principle); it is a way of getting at the underlying knowledge or ability independently of confidence levels Free recall Condition when no cues are given to assist information retrieval, and the participant organizes the information by memory, often revealing the mental processes used Gender, gender role The behaviour (role) or feelings (identity) society and and gender identity individuals associate with being male or female; to be distinguished from sex General intelligence A term coined by Spearman to express the idea that there (g) is a common factor in all kinds of mental ability tests; in addition to specific mental abilities, which he labelled ‘s’ Genes The inherited instructions for our physical (and therefore behavioural) development, coded in the molecular structure of DNA; see also Meme Gestalt The idea that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts; it was applied particularly to the way in which we form meaningful visual perceptions of individual shapes from complex overlapping arrays of visual stimuli; a
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For Georgina Brennan, Julia Henders
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viii CONTENTS 4.5 Preparing and pre
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Page 179 and 180: 164 SUCCESSFUL STUDYING Assessing t
Page 181 and 182: 166 SUCCESSFUL STUDYING Networking
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Page 189 and 190: 174 SUCCESSFUL STUDYING 6.6 Working
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Page 203 and 204: Appendix 4 Glossary (See also Appen
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Page 229 and 230: References Aserinsky, E., & Kleitma
Page 233 and 234: 218 INDEX Blindsight, 189 Body mass
Page 235 and 236: 220 INDEX GBR see Graduate basis fo
Page 237 and 238: 222 INDEX Phenomenology, 196 Piaget
Page 239 and 240: 224 INDEX t-test, 209 Turnitin, 84-
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