MICROBLOCK ROTATIONS IN SULAWESI, INDONESIA Figure 6: Best fit block mo<strong>de</strong>l <strong>de</strong>rived from both GPS and earthquakes slip vector azimuth data. Center: Observed (pink) and calculated (green) velocities with respect to the Sunda block (shown are 20% confi<strong>de</strong>nce ellipses, after GPS re-weighting; see text). The slip rate <strong>de</strong>ficit (mm/yr) for the faults inclu<strong>de</strong>d in the mo<strong>de</strong>l is represented by a color bar. . The pro<strong>file</strong> of figure 7 is located by the dashed black line. The black rectangles around Palu and Gorontalo fault localize the insets. Top right and bottom left insets show <strong>de</strong>tails of the measured and mo<strong>de</strong>lled velocities across the Gorontalo and Palu faults. The bottom right inset shows residual GPS velocities with respect to the mo<strong>de</strong>l. The value of the coupling ratio, φ, for the faults inclu<strong>de</strong>d in the mo<strong>de</strong>l is represented by the color bar. Light blue dots represent the locations of the fault no<strong>de</strong>s where the coupling ratio is estimated. No<strong>de</strong>s along the block boundaries are at the surface of the Earth and the others are at <strong>de</strong>pth along the fault plane. In this mo<strong>de</strong>l, φ is consi<strong>de</strong>red uniform along strike and <strong>de</strong>pth for all the faults, except for Palu Fault and Minahassa Trench where it is allowed to vary along strike. 10
MICROBLOCK ROTATIONS IN SULAWESI, INDONESIA (motion towards the trench), similar to what has been observed on the Japan Trench following the 1994 Sanriku-Oki Mw=7.6 earthquake [Mazzotti et al, 2000]. Presumably, full locking and accumulation of elastic strain will resume following the post-seismic <strong>de</strong>formation. Palu fault interseismic <strong>de</strong>formation The computed North Sula / Makassar Euler vector predicts a slip rate of 41 to 44 mm/yr with an azimuth rotating from 21°W to 7°E, from south to north, on the Palu-Koro fault zone. For accessibility reasons, the GPS pro<strong>file</strong> was installed in the vicinity of Palu city, where the fault appears to be a pull-apart structure in the morphology [Beaudouin, et al., 2003; Bellier, et al., 2001; Bellier at al., 2006]. We present two plausible mo<strong>de</strong>ls of the <strong>de</strong>formation in the pull apart area. The first mo<strong>de</strong>l is <strong>de</strong>rived from the inversion for the regional Sulawesi kinematics and involves a single fault locked at <strong>de</strong>pth, while the second mo<strong>de</strong>l involves several parallel, shallowly-locked faults. The velocities measured across the transect fits a single dislocation mo<strong>de</strong>l of the fault interseismically locked to a <strong>de</strong>pth of 12 km, consistent with the previous studies [Stevens, et al., 1999; Walpersdorf, et al., 1998]. In the current study however, the fault appears to be dipping at 50° toward the east, accommodating ~11-14 mm/yr of extension, in addition to 39 mm/yr of strikeslip (bottom left inset in Figure 6, Figure 7, table 2). The normal component of faulting in the region of Palu inferred from the geo<strong>de</strong>tic data is in agreement with triangular facets, indicating an active normal motion, observed in the morphology [Beaudouin, et al., 2003; Bellier, et al., 2001; Bellier at al., 2006]. In the alternate mo<strong>de</strong>l, we use several parallel dislocations to explain the pull-apart geometry (Figure 8top). The GPS data are fit best by a mo<strong>de</strong>l of four parallel left-lateral strike-slip dislocations (Figure 8, bottom). (1) The first dislocation is located along the western si<strong>de</strong> of the pull-apart, recognized by geologists as being the active Palu fault scarp [Beaudouin, et al., 2003; Bellier, et al., 2001; Bellier, et al., 2006]. It accommodates 13 mm/yr and its locking is between 2 and 5 km <strong>de</strong>pth (Figure 6). (2) The second dislocation is 14 km east of this main scarp, accommodates 10 mm/yr and is locked between 1 and 5 km <strong>de</strong>pth. This second dislocation, located along the eastern coast of the Palu Gulf, corresponds to the fault that bounds the Palu pullapart to the east. It separates mio-quaternary molasses from the metamorphic bedrock [Bellier, et al., 2006] and has been activated during the February 2005 Mw=6.3 earthquake [Soehaimi et al., 2006]. (3) The third dislocation is located 28 km from the main scarp and accommodates 7 mm/yr. Its locking <strong>de</strong>pth tends to zero, which is equivalent to a creeping behaviour. The dislocation is near a steep gradient in topography that could correspond to a fault scarp. The abruptness of the 11 Figure 7: Velocity pro<strong>file</strong> across Makassar Trench, Palu Fault and Gorontalo Fault (pro<strong>file</strong> location in Fig. 6) in Sunda reference frame. Observed GPS velocities are <strong>de</strong>picted by dots with 1-sigma uncertainty bars while the predicted velocities are shown as curves. The pro<strong>file</strong>normal component (approximately NNW) (i.e. the strike slip component across the NW-trending faults) is shown with black dots and solid line while the pro<strong>file</strong> parallel component (normal or thrust component across the fault) is shown with grey dots and a dashed line. Where the pro<strong>file</strong> crosses the the faults and blocks is labeled. step in the velocities <strong>de</strong>pends on the velocity <strong>de</strong>termination of the sites SLBY and PL16 (measured 3 and 4 times respectively). (4) The three previous dislocations accommodate 30 mm/yr of the relative block motion. Another 8 mm/yr are missing and seem to be accommodated over a broad zone 50 km to the east. Dense GPS measurements are missing to discriminate whether these 8 mm/yr are localized on one single dislocation or are distributed. Velocities are fit well by including a fourth dislocation locked at 5-15 km <strong>de</strong>pth and located ~54 km east of the main scarp. The parameters of this last dislocation are poorly constrained by three sites (DONG, SGTI, PALA) that are well to the north of Palu and span 1 <strong>de</strong>gree in latitu<strong>de</strong>. The GPS inferred strike slip rate (39 mm/yr) for the Palu fault agrees with the long-term slip-rate (35 +- 8 mm/yr) <strong>de</strong>termined from stream and fan offsets, mainly seen in the quaternary <strong>de</strong>posits along the western bor<strong>de</strong>r of the Palu basin [Bellier, et al., 2001]. This long term slip rate, ranging from 5 to 51 mm/yr [Bellier, et al., 2001], argues for the single dislocation mo<strong>de</strong>l at its high end, although the alternate local mo<strong>de</strong>l, that predicts 13 mm/yr on the western branch of the fault, is also within the long term range. South of the Palu basin, where the fault trace is more linear and appears to form a single trace, Bellier, et al. [2001] obtain a slip-rate of 29 +- 5 mm/yr. This rate might either correspond to the “single strand mo<strong>de</strong>l” or to the 30 mm/yr (13 + 10 + 7) of total amount taken on the 3 western dislocations of the “multiple strand mo<strong>de</strong>l”.
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Thèse en vue d'obtenir le diplôme
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Résumé Depuis une quinzaine d'ann
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écepteur GPS devient un sismograph
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au diamètre de l'enveloppe du nuag
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Figure 3. répétabilités (c'est
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Les domaines d’application a) con
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cours desquels la faille va moins v
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- Y a-t-il un régime permanent ? o
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temps en temps (pour refaire régul
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Conclusion Pour tous les objectifs
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Les vitesses calculées sur la pér
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A cause des progrès des mesures en
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Il est probable que l'on va bientô
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attendre longtemps pour que ce mouv
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Les réseaux GPS en Birmanie et les
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Chargement élastique sur la faille
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à l'échelle de toute la Birmanie
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vitesses observées et modélisées
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Le séisme de Sumatra (Banda Aceh)
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la composante Nord-Sud du mouvement
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Propagation de la rupture et des on
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La subduction Chilienne Contexte :
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La modélisation (dislocation en "b
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Mesures dans la lacune de Coquimbo
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Là encore, nous avons montré qu
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Erosion: GPS cinématique sur un pl
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Christophe VIGNY Né le 02 Mars 196
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d) j’ai été pendant 4 ans charg
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18. Instantaneous and finite kinema
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C] Publications dans des revues à
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Michel, G., Y. Yu, S. Zhu, C. Reigb
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