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combination of the two data sets at the level of daily GPS observations is needed to investigate further this question. Conclusion Yang and Liu [2002] have addressed the problem of the discrepancy between GPS data and NUVEL-1A at three convergent plate boundaries: the Andes, the Himalayas and Taiwan. They concluded that the misfit can be explained by intraplate deformation. In the case of the Arabia-Eurasia convergence, such an explanation can be ruled out because we showed that the GPS rates of separation between Arabia and both Africa (in the Red Sea) and Somalia (in the Gulf of Aden) are reduced by 15 to 20% with respect to rates of spreading based on magnetic anomalies (and averaged over the last 3 Ma). We aknowledge the fact that differences in both rates and directions in the Red Sea are hardly significant and that this finding is better supported by Gulf of Aden data. Meanwhile, Calais et al. [2003] have shown that the Africa-Eurasia convergence rate has decreased since 3 Ma, and rotated counter-clockwise. We find, in agreement with former studies, that the rate of Arabia-Eurasia convergence has also decreased by about 30% and showed that this is not only due to the decrease in the Africa-Eurasia convergence, but also to a significant decrease in the separation rate between Arabia and Africa in the Red Sea (-15%) and Arabia and Somalia in the Gulf of Aden (-20%). We suggest that slowing down the Arabia-Eurasia convergence, is due to decreasing of the slab pull force, resulting in reduced extension between Arabia and Africa-Somalia. Further east, in the India-Eurasia convergence zone, GPS data also suggest a decrease in the convergence rate [Paul et al., 2001; Wang et al., 2001, Socquet et al., 2004]. With our definition of Eurasia, that follows that of Calais et al. [2003], and the rotation of India from Socquet et al. [2004] we also find a lower India-Eurasia collision rate than NUVEL-1A. This discrepancy is due to either an overestimation of the rate in Nuvel-1A or to an actual slowing down of the Indian plate. If the second possibility is confirmed, then it would appear that the whole collision zone between Africa, Arabia, India and Eurasia has slowed down in the last 3 Ma. Aknowledgments We thank the many people – too numerous to be all cited - involved in the acquisition of the GPS data from 1991 to 2001: especially the IT-Iran group (represented by D. Hatzfeld) for their recent measurements in Oman and Iran, P. Briole for sharing his data on La Réunion, the Yemen Survey Authority and the University of Sana’a for their support in Yemen, and A. Abdallah (ISERST) and all people at “Observatoire d’Arta” in the Republic of Djibouti for their continuous efforts. Financial support for both the field work and the data analysis was provided by the french INSU/CNRS (programmes AFAR, Tectoscope-positionnement, VIGNY ET AL.: ARABIA PLATE MOTION 14 PNTS, IT-Iran, IT-Panaches) and the French Embassy in the Republic of Yemen. References Altamimi, Z., Sillard, P., Boucher, C, ITRF2000: A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference frame for earth science applications, J Geophys Res.-SA 107 (B10): art. no. 2214, 2002. Argus, D.F., and R.G. Gordon, No-net-rotation model of current plate velocities incorporating plate motion model NUVEL-1, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 2039- 2042, 1991. Banerjee, P., and R. Bürgmann, Convergence across the northwest Himalaya from GPS measurements, Geophys. Res. Letters., 29 (13), 10.1029, 2002. Beutler, G., J. Kouba, and T. Springer, Combining the orbits of the IGS processing centers, in proceedings of IGS annalysis center workshop, edited by J. Kuba, 20-56, 1993. Bilham, R., R. Bendick, K. Larson, P. Mohr, J. Braun, S. Tesfaye, and L. Asfaw, Secular and tidal strain across the Main Ethiopian Rift, Geophysical Research Letters, 26 (18), 2789-2792, 1999. Calais, E., C. DeMets, and J.-M. Nocquet, Evidence for a post-3.16-Ma change in Nubia-Eurasia-North America plate motions?, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 216, 81-92, 2003. Chu, D., and R.G. Gordon, Current plate motions across the Red Sea, Geophys. J. Int., 135, 313-328, 1998. Chu, D., and R.G. Gordon, Evidence for motion between Nubia and Somalia along the southwest Indian Ridge, Nature, 398, 64-67, 1999. DeMets, C., R. G. Gordon, D. Argus, and S. Stein, Effect of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimates of current plate motions, Geophys. Res. Letters., 21, 2191-2194, 1994. Dewey, J.F., M.L. Helman, E. Turco, D.H.W. Hutton, and S.D. Knott, Kinematics of the western Mediterranean, in Alpine Tectonics, edited by M.P. Coward, D. Dietrich, R.G. Park, Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 45, 265-283, 1989. Fernandes, R.M.S., B.A.C. Ambrosius, R. Noomen, L. Bastos, M. Wortel, W. Spakman, and R. Govers, The relative motion between Africa and Eurasia as derived from ITRF2000 and GPS data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(16), 1828, 2003, doi:10.1029/2003GL017089. Gordon, R.G., D.F. Argus, and M.B. Heflin, Revised estimate of the angular velocity of India relative to Eurasia, EOS Trans. AGU, 80 (46 (Fall meeting suppl.)), F273, 1999. Herring, T. A., Davis, and Shapiro, Geodesy by radio Interferometry : the application of Kalman filtering to the analysis of very long baseline interferometry data, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 12561-12581, 1990. Herring, T. A., Documentation for the GLOBK software version 5.01, Mass. Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, 1999.
Jestin, F., P. Huchon and J.M. Gaulier, The Somalia plate and the East African Rift system: present day kinematics, Geophys. J. Int., 116, 637-654, 1994. King, R. W., and Y. Bock, Documentation for the GAMIT GPS software analysis version 9.9, Mass. Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, 1999. (ou 2000?) Klinger, Y., J.P. Avouac, N. Abou Karaki, L. Dorbath, D. Bourles and J.L. Reyss, Slip rate on the Dead Sea transform fault in northern Araba valley (Jordan), Geophys. J. Int., 142, 755-768, 2000. Kreemer, C., W.E. Holt, and J. Haines, An integrated global model of present-day plate motions and plate boundary deformation, Geophys. J. Int., 154, 1-27, 2003. Larson, K. M., J. T. Freymueller, and S. Philipsen, Global plate velocities from the Global Positioning System, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 9961-9981, 1997. Larson, K. M., R. Burgmann, R. Bilham, and J. T. Freymueller, Kinematics of the India-Eurasia collision zone from GPS measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 1077-1093, 1999. McClusky et al., Global Positioning System constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus. J. Geophys. Res., 115, 5695-5719, 2000. McClusky, S., R. Reilinger, S. Mahmoud, D. Ben Sari, and A. Tealeb, GPS constraints on Africa (Nubia) and Arabia plate motions, Geophys. J. Int., 155, 126-138, 2003. Neilan, R., The evolution of the IGS global network, current status, and future aspects, in Zumberge JF et al. (eds), Pasadena JPL, CA, USA, IGS annual report, JPL publ 95-18, pp 25-34, 1995. Nilforoushan, F., P. Vernant, F. Masson, C. Vigny, J. Martinod, M. Abbassi, H. Nankali, D. Hatzfeld, R. Bayer, F. Tavakoli, A. Ashtiani, E. Doerflinger, M. Daignières, P. Collard, and J. Chéry, GPS network monitors the Arabia-Eurasia collision deformation in Iran, Journal of Geodesy, 77, 422-441, 2003. Nocquet, J.M., E. Calais, Z. Altamimi, P. Sillard and C. Boucher, Intraplate deformation in western Europe deduced from an analysis of the ITRF97 velocity field, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 11239-11258, 2001. Patriat, P., and J. Achache, India Eurasia collision chronology has implications for crustal shortening and driving mechanism of plates, Nature, 311, 615- 621, 1984 Paul, J., R. Burgmann, V.K. Gaur, E. Bilham, K.M. Larson, M.B. Ananda, S. Jade, M. Mukal, T.S. Anapuma, G. Satyal, and D. Kumar, The motion and active deformation of India, Geophys. Res. Letters, 28, 647-650, 2001. Pe’eri, S., S. Wdowinski, A. Stibelman, N. Bechor, Y. Bock, and M. van Domselaar, Current deformation across the Dead Sea Fault, as observed from three years of continuous GPS monitoring, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29 (14), 10.1029, 2002. Prawirodirdjo, L. and Y. Bock, Instantaneous Global Plate Motion Model from 12 Years of Continuous VIGNY ET AL.: ARABIA PLATE MOTION 15 GPS Observations, J. Geophys. Res., 109, doi: 10.1029/2003JB002944, 2004. Reilinger, R., S.C. McClusky, M.G. Oral, R.W. King, M.N. Tosoz, A.A. Barka, I. Kinkik, O. Lenk, and I. Sani, Global Positioning System measurements of present-day crustal movements in the Arabia-africa- Eurasia plate collision zone, Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 9983-9999, 1997. Rosenbaum, G., G.S. Lister, and C. Duboz, Relative motions of Africa, Iberia and Europe during alpine orogeny, Tectonophysics, 359, 117-129, 2002 Ruegg, J.C., P. Briole, K. Feigl, C. Vigny , M. Anis Abdallah, O. Bellier, P. Huchon, S. Al Khirbash, A. Laike, N. d'Oreye, and M. Prevot, First Epoch Geodetic GPS Measurements Across the Afar Plate Boundary Zone. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 20 , 1899- 1902, 1993 Sella, G.F., T. H. Dixon, and A. Mao, REVEL: a model for recent plate velocities from space geodesy, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (B4), 10.1029, 2002. Socquet, A., C. Vigny, W. Simons, N. Chamot-Rooke, C. Rangin, and B. Ambrosius, GPS determination of the relative motion between India and Sunda and its accommodation in Myanmar, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 2004. Tamsett, D., and R. Searle, Structure and development of the midocean ridge plate boundary in the Gulf of Aden: evidence from GLORIA side scan sonar, Journ. Geophys. Res., 93 (B4), 3157-3178, 1988. Vernant, P., F. Nilforoushan, D. Hatsfeld, M. Abassi, C. Vigny, F. Masson, H. Nankali, J. Martinod, A. Ashtiani, F. Tavakoli, and J. Chéry, Contemporary crustal deformation and plate kinematics in Middle East constrained by GPS measurements in Iran and northern Oman, Geophys. J. Int., 157, 381-398, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.2004.02222.x, 2004. Vigny, C., J.B. DeChabalier, J.C. Ruegg, P. Huchon, K. Feigl, L. Asfaw, and K. Kanbari, 12 years of geodetic measurements in the Asal Rift, Djibouti, submitted to J. Geophys. Res., 2004b. Walpersdorf A., C. Vigny., J.-C. Ruegg, P. Huchon, L. M. Asfaw, and S. Al Kirbash., 5 Years of GPS Observations in the Afar Triple Junction Area. Journal of Geodynamics, 28 (2-3), 225-236, 1999. Wang, Q., P-Z. Zhang, J. T. Freymueller, R. Bilham,, K.M. Larson, X. Lai, X. You, Z. Niu, J. Wu, Y. Li, J Liu, Z. Yang, and Q. Chen, Present-day crustal deformation in China constrained by Global Positioning System measurements, Science, 294, 574-577, 2001. Wdowinski, S., Y. Bock, G. Baer, L. Prawirodirdjo, N. Bechor, S. Naaman, R. Knafo, Y. Forrai, and Y. Melzer, GPS measurements of current crustal movements along the Dead Sea Fault, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B05403, doi:10.1029/2003JB002640, 2004. Williams, S. D. P., Y. Bock, P. Fang, P. Jamason, R. M. Nikolaidis, L. Prawirodirdjo, M. Miller and D. J. Johnson, Error analysis of continuous GPS position Time Series, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B03412,
Page 1 and 2:
Thèse en vue d'obtenir le diplôme
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Résumé Depuis une quinzaine d'ann
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écepteur GPS devient un sismograph
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au diamètre de l'enveloppe du nuag
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Figure 3. répétabilités (c'est
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Les domaines d’application a) con
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cours desquels la faille va moins v
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- Y a-t-il un régime permanent ? o
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temps en temps (pour refaire régul
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Conclusion Pour tous les objectifs
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Les vitesses calculées sur la pér
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A cause des progrès des mesures en
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Il est probable que l'on va bientô
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attendre longtemps pour que ce mouv
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Les réseaux GPS en Birmanie et les
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Chargement élastique sur la faille
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à l'échelle de toute la Birmanie
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vitesses observées et modélisées
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Le séisme de Sumatra (Banda Aceh)
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la composante Nord-Sud du mouvement
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Propagation de la rupture et des on
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La subduction Chilienne Contexte :
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La modélisation (dislocation en "b
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Mesures dans la lacune de Coquimbo
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Là encore, nous avons montré qu
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Erosion: GPS cinématique sur un pl
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Christophe VIGNY Né le 02 Mars 196
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d) j’ai été pendant 4 ans charg
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18. Instantaneous and finite kinema
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C] Publications dans des revues à
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Michel, G., Y. Yu, S. Zhu, C. Reigb
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X - 2 SIMONS ET AL.: GPS MEASUREMEN
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X - 10 SIMONS ET AL.: GPS MEASUREME
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X - 12 SIMONS ET AL.: GPS MEASUREME
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1 JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH,
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3 SOCQUET ET AL.: GPS MEASUREMENTS
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