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Emmanuel Amiot Modèles algébriques et algorithmes pour la ...

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sous-groupe des symétries affines d'une mélodie (autosimi<strong>la</strong>ire) donnée est ausi fondamentale<br />

théoriquement que pratiquement, <strong>et</strong> elle a été dûment implémentée dans OpenMusic 59.<br />

Une fois obtenue <strong>la</strong> description algébrique complète (cf. [autosimJMM] qui se veut<br />

exhaustif sur <strong>la</strong> question), il devenait possible de renverser <strong>la</strong> perspective <strong>et</strong> de créer une mélo-<br />

die autosimi<strong>la</strong>ire jouissant de symétries don-<br />

nées. Le "patch" que j'ai développé avec Car-<br />

los Agon <strong>pour</strong> OpenMusic 60 perm<strong>et</strong> de don-<br />

Fig. 9. A palindrome with period 14<br />

ner en entrée une ou plusieurs "symétries<br />

affines", c'est à dire diverses manières d'ex-<br />

traire des notes de <strong>la</strong> mélodie, ainsi qu'une<br />

séquence de notes (suffisamment longue), <strong>et</strong><br />

d'en déduire une mélodie qui soit autosimi-<br />

<strong>la</strong>ire modulo toutes ces symétries. Par exem-<br />

Fig. 10. Autosimi<strong>la</strong>r melody with period 15 and its palindromic<br />

deformation<br />

ple, en prenant les trois notes do, sol, mi, <strong>et</strong><br />

en imposant les applications affines<br />

x → x + 4, x → 3x, x → 3x + 4, x → 5x + 4, x → 5x<br />

modulo 8, on r<strong>et</strong>rouve <strong>la</strong> basse d'Alberti61. sequences<br />

OpenMusic crée une mélodie ayant<br />

Fig. 8. This patch shows how to produce an autosimi<strong>la</strong>r melody (the<br />

Alberti Bass) un groupe starting with donné a s<strong>et</strong> of symm<strong>et</strong>ries, d'autosimi<strong>la</strong>rités.<br />

a period and a collection<br />

of pitches.<br />

2) Find a melody with some given symm<strong>et</strong>ries. One<br />

builds the orbits first as exp<strong>la</strong>ined below, from there it<br />

is the composer’s choice to associate notes to each orbit<br />

with a standard Tout OpenMusic ce travail procedure. sur les structures <strong>algébriques</strong> perm<strong>et</strong> ainsi d'atteindre l'expression <strong>la</strong><br />

The user inputs a collection of affine maps. Starting from<br />

plus an parfaite element xde in <strong>la</strong> Zn, créativité a s<strong>et</strong> is initialized du compositeur, with x as sole qui peut jouer sur tous les paramètres qui restent<br />

element. Then all the maps in the collection are applied<br />

libres repeatedly après toqu'il that ait s<strong>et</strong> fixé untilles it no symétries longer changes. qu'il désirait. All Un utilisateur de ce programme, suffisamelements<br />

of this s<strong>et</strong>, now an orbit, are s<strong>et</strong> aside and<br />

the algorithm carries on with the next element in Zn<br />

that has not been reached y<strong>et</strong>, until Zn is exhausted<br />

(see Fig. 8). This is the dual approach from the <strong>la</strong>st<br />

one, providing the composer with the simplest structure<br />

admitting autosimi<strong>la</strong>r copies with the desired ratios and<br />

offs<strong>et</strong>s.<br />

D. Palindromes<br />

The above concept enables to c<strong>la</strong>rify which autosimi<strong>la</strong>r<br />

melodies will be palindromes, as it is only a question<br />

of wh<strong>et</strong>her x ↦→ −x (or some more general inversion<br />

x ↦→ c − x) is present in the stabilizer of the melody.<br />

The algorithms allow the straighforward construction of<br />

palindromic melodies (among other symm<strong>et</strong>ries), and the<br />

theory reaches interesting result, as (simplifying a little)<br />

Theorem 6: An autosimi<strong>la</strong>r melody with ratio a will<br />

be palindromic iff there is some power of a equal to -1<br />

1 under reference A126949.<br />

Besides of course, it is always possible to build a palindromic<br />

(autosimi<strong>la</strong>r) melody from any autosimi<strong>la</strong>r melody<br />

by just col<strong>la</strong>psing tog<strong>et</strong>her notes belonging to orbits that<br />

are symm<strong>et</strong>rical (the map f : x ↦→ −x exchanges orbits of<br />

a primitive autosimi<strong>la</strong>r melody with ratio a). For example<br />

see the original and the ‘palindromized’ on Fig. 10<br />

obtained by col<strong>la</strong>psing tog<strong>et</strong>her the two inversionallyre<strong>la</strong>ted<br />

orbits (1, 2, 4, 8) and (7, 11, 13, 14). 2<br />

A nice theor<strong>et</strong>ical property of autosimi<strong>la</strong>r melodies<br />

appears when one tries to iterate an affine map with<br />

a ratio that is not invertible modulo n: the map being<br />

no longer one-to-one, there is no reversibility and some<br />

information is lost at each iteration, but (this is re<strong>la</strong>ted<br />

to the very deep Fitting Lemma of commutative algebra<br />

that already appeared in a musical context in Anatol<br />

Vieru’s sequences, [3]) after a time an autosimi<strong>la</strong>r melody<br />

59 L' algorithme choisi cherche le coefficient de corré<strong>la</strong>tion entre emerges <strong>la</strong> mélodie (see Fig. originale 11). <strong>et</strong> les mélodies extraites à<br />

divers rapports, en les considérant comme des circlists, cf. [autosimJMM] Thus chaos 5.1. hides inside itself the deepest harmony.<br />

60 cf. Agon, C., <strong>Amiot</strong>, E., Andreatta, M., « Autosimi<strong>la</strong>r melodies and their implementation in OpenMusic »,<br />

Proceedings SMC 07, Le1ada, Grèce (2007).<br />

61 Il est suffisant de donner quelques symétries, qui engendreront tout un sous-groupe qu'il n'est pas nécessaire<br />

d'expliciter, non plus que son nombre d'éléments — l'algorithme calcule tout <strong>pour</strong> l'utilisateur, en appliquant toutes<br />

les symétries données jusqu'à ce que rien de nouveau ne puisse être engendré: Se vogliamo che tutto rimanga come<br />

è, bisogna che tutto cambi (G.T. di Lampedusa, Il Gattopardo).<br />

Fig. 11. An autosimi<strong>la</strong>r melody from a random one<br />

IV. CONCLUSION<br />

We presented some theor<strong>et</strong>ical and implementational<br />

aspects of melodic autosimi<strong>la</strong>rity. After describing a gen-<br />

p. 35

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