A Feasibility Study - Aaltodoc - Aalto-yliopisto

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8.2.1 Seawater as hydraulic fluid ................................................................................................ 35 8.2.2 Adaptive pressure generator .............................................................................................. 36 8.2.3 Pressure loss ....................................................................................................................... 37 8.3 Rerverse osmosis ....................................................................................................... 39 8.3.1 Pre-treatment ..................................................................................................................... 39 8.3.2 Membrane process ............................................................................................................. 42 8.3.3 Post-treatment ................................................................................................................... 45 8.3.4 Energy Recovery Device ...................................................................................................... 46 9 Case study ....................................................................................................... 49 9.1 Calculation method ................................................................................................... 49 9.2 Design parameters..................................................................................................... 53 9.3 Determining an optimum pressure level ................................................................... 55 9.4 Site 1 .......................................................................................................................... 59 9.5 Site 2 .......................................................................................................................... 61 9.6 Site 3 .......................................................................................................................... 63 9.7 Site 4 .......................................................................................................................... 65 10 Results and discussion ..................................................................................... 67 10.1 Sources of error ......................................................................................................... 71 10.1.1 Pressure fluctuations ..................................................................................................... 72 10.1.2 APG ................................................................................................................................ 72 10.1.3 Pre-treatment ................................................................................................................ 72 10.1.4 Cost information ............................................................................................................ 73 11 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 75 12 References ...................................................................................................... 76 13 Appendix A ........................................................................................................ i 14 Appendix B......................................................................................................... i ii
List of symbols a Amplitude m cs molar concentration of soluble ions mol/m³ d Depth m D Diameter m f Frequence 1/s g Gravitational constant m/s 2 H Wave Height m L Length m P Wave power W/m p Pressure Pa Re Reynolds number - R Universal gas constant J/molK T Period s T Temperature Kelvin v,w Velocity m/s ̇ Volume flow rate kg/m³ Pressure loss coefficient - Dynamic viscosity kg/ms λ wavelength m λ Friction factor - Osmotic pressure Pa ρ Density kg/m³ iii
Page 1 and 2: Department of Energy Technology Mar
Page 3 and 4: Tekijä: Markus Ylänen Työn nimi:
Page 5: Table of Contents List of symbols .
Page 9 and 10: 1 Introduction 1.1 Framework “Wat
Page 11 and 12: LITERATURE REVIEW 2 Ocean Waves Wav
Page 13 and 14: Figure 2. How waves interact with e
Page 15 and 16: Analyzing waves and their movement
Page 17 and 18: 2.3 Wave energy resource The global
Page 19 and 20: 3 Fresh water The fresh water situa
Page 21 and 22: 3.2 Water usage and price Water usa
Page 23 and 24: 4 Electricity - availability and co
Page 25 and 26: Cost of electricity ($/kWh) 80 70 6
Page 27 and 28: 5 Desalination The importance of de
Page 29 and 30: collected as the product water and
Page 31 and 32: early 1970s (Buros 2000). This also
Page 33 and 34: Figure 19. Filtration capabilities
Page 35 and 36: Figure 21. Possible combinations of
Page 37 and 38: 5.3 Desalination market At present,
Page 39 and 40: 6 Concluding remarks In the Literat
Page 41 and 42: 8 AaltoRO concept The main purpose
Page 43 and 44: In practice, WaveRoller resembles a
Page 45 and 46: 8.2.3 Pressure loss Due to the fact
Page 47 and 48: where is the equivalent length, cau
Page 49 and 50: Figure 29. UF pre-treatment. Adapte
Page 51 and 52: additional sheet of plastic which a
Page 53 and 54: 8.3.3 Post-treatment The permeate f
Page 55 and 56: flow rates. However they generally
Page 57 and 58:
9 Case study A case study will be p
Page 59 and 60:
Figure 35. ROSA Feedwater Data -scr
Page 61 and 62:
Lastly, an economical evaluation is
Page 63 and 64:
9.3 Determining an optimum pressure
Page 65 and 66:
Load factor 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0
Page 67 and 68:
Recovery (%) 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 3
Page 69 and 70:
Cost of water (€/m³) 1,6 1,4 1,2
Page 71 and 72:
Cost of water (€/m³) 5 4,5 4 3,5
Page 73 and 74:
With the nominal pump capacity of 0
Page 75 and 76:
10 Results and discussion The objec
Page 77 and 78:
Figure 53 represents the relationsh
Page 79 and 80:
Table 10 presents some figures on t
Page 81 and 82:
impediments commencing out of imper
Page 83 and 84:
11 Conclusion This thesis presented
Page 85 and 86:
Burger, D. 2011, "Energy and Water"
Page 87 and 88:
EPA 2009, 2006 Community Water Syst
Page 89 and 90:
Hicks, D.C., Pleass, C. & Mitcheson
Page 91 and 92:
Nexus Energia 2011, Canary Islands
Page 93 and 94:
Water Corporation 2011, Desalinatio
Page 95 and 96:
14 Appendix B Figure B.1. Site 1 Pe
Page 97 and 98:
Figure B.5. Site 3 Performance curv
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