WUPATKI PUEBLO: A STUDY IN CULTURAL FUSION AND ...

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TABLE OP CONTENTS Page LIST OP TABLES xvii LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS* . . ,xviii ABSTRACT ...... xxil 1 . <strong>IN</strong>TRODUCTION * . . . * 1 Basis of Study. . • 5 Site Location and Description.*•«.•••
TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued viii Page Ground Stone.......... ... . 64 Me tat e 8 6k Miscellaneous Grinding Slabs...,••••• 71 Stone Bowls and Mortars «,••«,» 73 Paint Mortar ••••••• 79 Manos ..*•••..* ••«.«.* 82 Cobble Grinder and Hansaer Stones.s«91 Pebble Polishing Stones.••••••••••••• 93 Paint-grinding Pestles 96 Paint-grinding Cylinders and Bars.... 96 Rubbing Stones.........•••«•••••••••• 100 Grooved Arrow-shaft Straighteners and Abraders »•••••»*•*••• 100 Stone Axes.•••••• •••••*••*.• 106 Stone Cylinders...••••«•••••••»»..•»• 113 Chipped Stone Tools..••••••••••••„.*•...•• 119 Chopping Tools 120 S c r a p e r s 1 2 0 Blades .«•••••••••••* 124 Flake Knives.. «... 125 Drills or Gravers.••••••..••••••••••• 126 Strangulated Blada-knife..«•••...•••• 126 Arrow and Dart-points.. 129 Chipped Stone Discs*....•••..»••••••• lw Chipped Stone Hoes.•••••••..»«••••••« 150 Stone Ornaments 157 Beads.. ••••• 157 Turquoise Figure Eight Beads......... 157 Turquoise Barrel-shaped Beads*«••.».. 157 Turquoise Disc Beads.....•••••••••••• 157 Gray or Black Beads . *eo*.»•••*«•••••« 159 Travertine Beads. •••••• 160 Argilllte Beads..••••••• 160 Pendants .«••••• 161 Geometric Forms*. • •••••«. 161 Naturalistic Pendants• 164
Page 1 and 2: This dissertation has been 64-4280
Page 4: WUPATKI PUEBLO s A STUDY IN CULTURA
Page 7 and 8: STATEMENT BY AUTHOR Tills dissertat
Page 9 and 10: a snEnae.7 at the Research Center o
Page 11: advice and information. The girls i
Page 15 and 16: TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued X Pag
Page 17 and 18: TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xii P
Page 19 and 20: •TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xi
Page 21 and 22: TABLE OP CONTENTS—Continued xvi P
Page 23 and 24: 1. LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS 2. Wupatkl
Page 25 and 26: LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS—Continued 3
Page 27 and 28: ABSTRACT The settlement of Wupatki
Page 29 and 30: } found are obviously Mesoamerican
Page 32 and 33: INTRODUCTION The Northern Slnagua l
Page 34 and 35: 1000 feet down In elevation, perhap
Page 36 and 37: Sinagua country "by 1300 * and afte
Page 38 and 39: the ecologically influenced cultura
Page 40: at the peak of Its population. It o
Page 43 and 44: iss-r^.r-: _
Page 45 and 46: hundred yards to the southwest of W
Page 47 and 48: minimum means of kk,7° F. and 93*5
Page 49 and 50: growing much nearer the ruin than a
Page 51 and 52: Mammal TABLE I PREHISTORIC AND MODE
Page 53 and 54: Settlement Patterns The location of
Page 56: Fig. 2. Wupatkl Buin today, looking
Page 61 and 62: ground floor room (Colton I960: 103
Page 63 and 64:
Col. James Stephensen made addition
Page 68:
Fig. 5* 'Hie lower ruin, before exc
Page 71:
I I
Page 74 and 75:
In 1926-27, A. E. Douglass became i
Page 76 and 77:
National Park Service, collecting h
Page 78 and 79:
There are two recent generalized, s
Page 80 and 81:
the ruin. These are listed as misce
Page 82 and 83:
of 35b, in 1126. Room 36. Harlan li
Page 84 and 85:
states that the southern section is
Page 86 and 87:
In the middle of the sequence (1125
Page 88:
(Williamson and Van Valkenburgh 193
Page 91 and 92:
DATE 1500 I400 • 1300 1200 SINAGU
Page 93 and 94:
1. 2. 2: 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Page 95 and 96:
Kiet Siel Ruin Betatakin Ruin 98•
Page 97 and 98:
TABLE 2—Continued Section 2 Alpha
Page 99 and 100:
and about 11 were extended. At leas
Page 104:
Pig. IGo Extended and flexed burial
Page 107 and 108:
oephalio, or round headed* The one
Page 111 and 112:
Burial offerings The "burials often
Page 113 and 114:
clan* This is perhaps substantiated
Page 115 and 116:
STONE ARTEFACTS The largest group o
Page 118:
stone metates. Fig. 12. A collectio
Page 121 and 122:
were found propped on rocks, and in
Page 123 and 124:
oth full and single-troughed types
Page 126:
Pig. 13o Stone grinding slabs and g
Page 130 and 131:
Pig. 1**. Stone mortars and bowls*
Page 132:
the pebbles themselves being about
Page 136 and 137:
lines encircling -the "bowl, 4.5 cm
Page 138 and 139:
stone "bowls also appear more frequ
Page 140:
Figa 16• Fossils, medicine cylind
Page 144:
gular basalt examples are "bifacial
Page 148 and 149:
pressure applied on one side and ed
Page 150 and 151:
manos are early In several areas (W
Page 152 and 153:
manos were always common In the Ana
Page 154:
Thus5 long* two-handed, unlfacial m
Page 158 and 159:
from Boom 51a was a round® flat di
Page 160 and 161:
Hopt pueblos* Many cobble tools wer
Page 162:
Fig* 19* Chunks of faceted minerals
Page 166 and 167:
grooves worn in their sides, JudcL
Page 168:
Fig* 20. Grooved arrow-shaft straig
Page 171 and 172:
102 with a groove across their widt
Page 173 and 174:
than "basalt). Since all are made o
Page 175 and 176:
meat, (Steen et al. 1962: 25„ 52)
Page 178 and 179:
Pig. 21. Stone axes from Wupatkl. a
Page 180 and 181:
109 Measurements: widths of the axe
Page 182 and 183:
Ill in the upper Little Colorado Bl
Page 184:
Stone Cylinders One hundred and twe
Page 187 and 188:
11^
Page 189 and 190:
The stone cylinder may have served
Page 191 and 192:
118 invention. Woodbury oites examp
Page 193 and 194:
as small knives, "but ag&ln there i
Page 196 and 197:
i't,\ -tt *. 1 / i A / J'V>\v p «A
Page 198:
FIgo 24. Chipped stone tools* a, sm
Page 201 and 202:
12k> an unusually sharp edge, resem
Page 203 and 204:
knives are each of different shape
Page 205 and 206:
| and University Indian Ruin (Hayde
Page 207 and 208:
— — - —TABLE 3 - - MEASUREMEN
Page 209 and 210:
f f
Page 211 and 212:
I 132- Type B—Slender, straight b
Page 214 and 215:
133
Page 216 and 217:
Coition list, which would be design
Page 218 and 219:
Wupatki Type TABLE k MEASUREMENTS A
Page 220 and 221:
and concave based lanceolate point
Page 222 and 223:
141 conclusions In summarizing the
Page 224 and 225:
Martin et al. Indicate a starting d
Page 226 and 227:
went through this pattern of change
Page 228:
Fig«> 27* Sandstone hoes and pot c
Page 232 and 233:
149 used, as paint grinding slabs,
Page 234:
Fig* 28. Sandstone hoes* a-b, leaf-
Page 237 and 238:
Leaf-Shaped Hoes. Three hoes are le
Page 239 and 240:
In the Hohokam region, hoes were oc
Page 241 and 242:
156 Late Pue"blo II sites (post-eru
Page 244 and 245:
Fig® 29* Stone beads 9 Inlay piece
Page 246 and 247:
Medium beads. 1-2 mm. thick, ^-—6
Page 248:
Provenience. At least in Rooms 35-3
Page 251 and 252:
162
Page 253 and 254:
(6 mm. diameter) in the middle of o
Page 256 and 257:
«= 0 "I 3 jf • CD ON Vji
Page 258 and 259:
had a hole drilled down one side, t
Page 260 and 261:
. 169 in diameter and 10 mm. long.
Page 262 and 263:
171 at the edges® The beveling hel
Page 264 and 265:
took over 16 months to make? and si
Page 266 and 267:
F±g« 73; Kidder and Guernsey 1919
Page 268 and 269:
Stailings, Jr. 1953* PI* 26), Mesa
Page 270 and 271:
example being 'those specimens foun
Page 272 and 273:
181 and they probably date at 1050-
Page 274 and 275:
183 area are also to "be expected.
Page 276 and 277:
185 earlier (Wheat 1955s 11^» 12*{
Page 278 and 279:
have been efficient as a hammerston
Page 280 and 281:
Large stone balls, possibly more co
Page 282 and 283:
along with slabs of sandstone and p
Page 284 and 285:
turquoise workings (193^* 6^4—65)
Page 286 and 287:
The Wupatki manos are again of a va
Page 288 and 289:
full-grooved, specimens, clear evid
Page 290 and 291:
199 Most of these traits later were
Page 292 and 293:
serrated points, mosaic work, and l
Page 294:
METAL ARTIFACTS Six small copper be
Page 297 and 298:
20k
Page 299 and 300:
studied by William C. Hoot, Bowdoln
Page 301 and 302:
208 of a child "burial. Six other b
Page 303 and 304:
CERAMIC ARTIFACTS Utility Pottery I
Page 306 and 307:
Fig* 33* Black-on-white pottery, a,
Page 308:
Flge 3h* Black - on-"wh i te potter
Page 312 and 313:
Fig* 35. Black-on-white pottery. a~
Page 314 and 315:
are common, and bands of alternate
Page 316 and 317:
Description: coiled, fired in a red
Page 318 and 319:
Type 5* Time; 1065-1250 (Bretemitz
Page 320 and 321:
ecent tree-ring studies (1963) sugg
Page 322:
Fige 36. Black-on-red, Corrugated,
Page 325 and 326:
Provenience. Burial 29 (2); Trash,
Page 327 and 328:
Range: Black Sand, area, east of th
Page 329 and 330:
edware types are very similar to Mo
Page 331 and 332:
Considering the ceramic artifacts,
Page 334 and 335:
Fig* 37- Ceramic artifacts* a, fire
Page 336 and 337:
233 (2) in diameter (Pig* 37 2i* H,
Page 338 and 339:
pierced, nearly one-half of these f
Page 340:
top and back. The two longer sides
Page 343 and 344:
238
Page 345 and 346:
Decorated. One crude globular Flags
Page 347 and 348:
242 also found at Winona Ruin (Mc.G
Page 349 and 350:
Zl& 1070 may have Introduced "both
Page 351 and 352:
Fired Human Figurines 2k6 Two fired
Page 353 and 354:
animal figurines in their oorrals a
Page 355 and 356:
84 a, b), and Casas Grande (Felices
Page 357 and 358:
Haw Clay Several lumps of raw potte
Page 359 and 360:
25^ In total, then, there are objec
Page 361 and 362:
shafts. The second area of conelder
Page 363 and 364:
they were no doubt often broken and
Page 366 and 367:
Fig. 39. Bone awl types with heads
Page 368 and 369:
Pi. They are common and widespread
Page 370 and 371:
Distribution- This general and amor
Page 372 and 373:
265 from the top of the head into t
Page 374 and 375:
Pig. **0. Modified bone awls and ne
Page 376 and 377:
and Caywood 1936: 59)* However, the
Page 378:
Fig* 40. Modified bone awls and nee
Page 381 and 382:
and Caywood 1936s 59). However, the
Page 383 and 384:
Provenience. Rooms 7b, 5.2, 15 (3)
Page 385 and 386:
272 example, In the Glenn Canyon si
Page 388 and 389:
Ji h f j k I m n
Page 390:
in their publications, although the
Page 393 and 394:
-: V - "
Page 395 and 396:
(1932: 229), found, oyer 150 such t
Page 397 and 398:
280 The third tool, possibly made f
Page 399 and 400:
Miscellaneous Awl Fragments There a
Page 401 and 402:
• • 23k In all areas of the Sou
Page 403 and 404:
Pierced Rectangular Shafts Five wid
Page 406 and 407:
287
Page 408 and 409:
antelope femur fragment, 13-0 cm, l
Page 410 and 411:
291 Pueblo, Paa'ko, the Chama Valle
Page 412 and 413:
undecorated pieces, such as the Wup
Page 414 and 415:
295 Valley, and are similar to Jeme
Page 416 and 417:
1936)« It may be a pre-eruptlve Ho
Page 418 and 419:
19^1 > Fig. 7*0« The trait seems t
Page 420 and 421:
particularly In Rooms ^5» 50, 51»
Page 422 and 423:
work-rooms, for they had many of th
Page 424 and 425:
SH3LL ARTIFACTS A remarkable large
Page 426 and 427:
Pecfcen vogdesl Arnold Peoten denta
Page 428:
Fig. ^4-» Shell beads, a, bracelet
Page 431 and 432:
310 ^5 1)» as well as three of Pol
Page 433 and 434:
cut from the hinge area of one of t
Page 435 and 436:
Dentallum semipolitum and Dsntalj-u
Page 437 and 438:
ground) are generally later in time
Page 439 and 440:
the same color range as the Wupatki
Page 441 and 442:
320 In the Anasasi and. Mogollon re
Page 444 and 445:
Pig. *4-5. Shell pendants and ornam
Page 446 and 447:
This was probably equally true in t
Page 448 and 449:
325 Glycymerls Pendants. Two small,
Page 450 and 451:
327 Glycymeris was the only shell u
Page 452:
At the Boqulllas Site in northern S
Page 455 and 456:
330
Page 457 and 458:
332 (Fig. 4-6 b). However, they may
Page 459 and 460:
ground and drilled so as to provide
Page 461 and 462:
336 In particular, thin bracelets w
Page 463 and 464:
338 Thick and thin varieties were f
Page 466 and 467:
Fig. 47® Carved, shell ornaments,
Page 468 and 469:
Pendants 3^1 The majority of the cu
Page 470 and 471:
Ceremonial Trumpets One specimen ea
Page 472 and 473:
lesser extent, In the Hohokam influ
Page 474 and 475:
Shell Trade Routes 3^7 Some 82 sepa
Page 476 and 477:
(Jennings et- al. 1956: 105-07; Jud
Page 478 and 479:
351 rarely in sites of other areas.
Page 480 and 481:
WOOD ARTIFACTS There is a great var
Page 482:
Fig* VJooden digging sticks or padd
Page 485 and 486:
356 sticks or weeding tools, and as
Page 487 and 488:
358 cylindrical, long-handled, knob
Page 490:
Fig, *4-9• Wood weaving tools* a,
Page 493 and 494:
362 et al. 1962: 21, 58)• Wooden
Page 495 and 496:
the Wupatki "battens are a more app
Page 497 and 498:
366 PI. ^9)9 "by Judd for Betatakln
Page 499 and 500:
368 started, "but the wood had been
Page 502 and 503:
369
Page 504 and 505:
The Hop! use spilt fire hearths wit
Page 506:
Fig* 51« Hunting tools* a-b9 dart
Page 510 and 511:
these foreshafts may have once been
Page 512 and 513:
3 77 compos It© arrow was only com
Page 514 and 515:
379 Distribution. Grange (Martin et
Page 516 and 517:
Distribution.. Two specimens from T
Page 518:
Fig* 52. A solid wood, Pueblo style
Page 521 and 522:
Frank: PInkley, of the National Par
Page 524:
Fig* 53* Ceremonial artifacts, a-d,
Page 527 and 528:
Sinagua, In turn, may have passed s
Page 529 and 530:
"Roundel" Pahos 390 Two carved cott
Page 531 and 532:
esemble the broken fragments, and t
Page 533 and 534:
39^ site of Shongopovl; and Cosgrov
Page 535 and 536:
396 very similar to each other, and
Page 538 and 539:
397
Page 540 and 541:
Tied Cane and Stick Pieces 399 Stic
Page 542 and 543:
1952: 357-58* Pig. 162 c). One of J
Page 544 and 545:
Sandal Last A small sandal-shaped p
Page 546 and 547:
Tablet A rectangule.r tablet of Dou
Page 548 and 549:
included are "battenst several type
Page 550 and 551:
PERISHABLE ARTIFACTS Many perishabl
Page 552:
Colled Basketry Three-rod Foundatio
Page 556 and 557:
**13 simple, wide-spaced stitches 9
Page 558:
plaiting pattern, or interval, and
Page 561 and 562:
klS
Page 563 and 564:
and was particularly important in t
Page 565 and 566:
Mogollon, and Sinagua after 1000. H
Page 567 and 568:
*1-22 10), and is commonly of over-
Page 571 and 572:
Over-two Under-two Several fragment
Page 573 and 574:
1*26 71 Morris 1919: 53? 1928aj 309
Page 575 and 576:
*3-28 Over-two Under-two. There wer
Page 579 and 580:
^30 the type called by Martin et al
Page 581 and 582:
A single strand two-ply» Z-twist,
Page 583 and 584:
ELeiter 1935# PI* 20; Ferdon 1946:
Page 586 and 587:
Fig. 59• Cotton and yucca cordage
Page 588 and 589:
^37 cordage pieces. A total count f
Page 590 and 591:
1962: 935 Mc.Gregor 19^1 s 48-51»
Page 592 and 593:
the area (Guernsey 1931s 79)* Such
Page 594:
Fig# 60, Fiber, cordage, and knots#
Page 597 and 598:
im from Wupatki. They are formed of
Page 599 and 600:
obes. A raised design of rectangula
Page 601 and 602:
fragments. It is about 5.5 cm# in o
Page 605 and 606:
i*50 Guernsey 1919s 1751 Fewkes 190
Page 607 and 608:
k$2 of Hohokam influence. The Sinag
Page 609 and 610:
Southwest, and. was an Important tr
Page 611 and 612:
. Three double strands (dyed brown
Page 613 and 614:
types 1 or 3» One specimen, the co
Page 615 and 616:
^60 pieces are generally woven in n
Page 617 and 618:
Ur62 Distribution, This is a rare s
Page 619 and 620:
A longstanding and popular Anasazi
Page 621 and 622:
carried into the Hopi region (Kent
Page 623 and 624:
468 date palm, probably native to n
Page 625 and 626:
470 sites near the San Francisco Pe
Page 627 and 628:
group probably acquired an apprecia
Page 629 and 630:
A general Anasazl-Mogollon base is
Page 631 and 632:
TABLE 5 POST-ERUPTIVE MOGOLLON ARTI
Page 633 and 634:
^?8 Sunset Crater (Colton 19^2} 19^
Page 635 and 636:
and relatives, explaining the divis
Page 637 and 638:
TABLE 8—-Continued Artifact Class
Page 639 and 640:
484- Mesoamerlcan origin. It probab
Page 641 and 642:
kQ6 The table includes religious tr
Page 643 and 644:
TABLE 10 OBJECTS OP FOREIGN MATERIA
Page 645 and 646:
490 from the breakdown of the Hohok
Page 647 and 648:
In conclusion* the artifacts indica
Page 649 and 650:
k9k wall thiolmess and door widths
Page 652:
Pig* 63. Reconstructed cross-sectio
Page 656 and 657:
I6ir
Page 658:
Fig, 65. View of Wupatkl Ruin, 1933
Page 664:
Fig» 67• Restored Rooms 1 and Th
Page 669 and 670:
502
Page 671 and 672:
found in the Chaco Canyon area.. An
Page 674 and 675:
Fig. 69. View of the ball court. Th
Page 676:
Fig, 70• Typical masonry at Wupat
Page 681 and 682:
508
Page 684 and 685:
6o£
Page 686 and 687:
were soon abandoned* Trash accumula
Page 688 and 689:
possible loom holes, ladder base, a
Page 690 and 691:
It and kept It in repair* Haury and
Page 692 and 693:
51? of the ventilator Is a slab-def
Page 694:
Pig. 73. View of the Interior of Ro
Page 697 and 698:
the center of the floor of the two
Page 699 and 700:
Plaza 522 There was a large plaza i
Page 702 and 703:
523
Page 704 and 705:
525 been variable and complex® How
Page 706 and 707:
527 The emphasis on agriculture and
Page 708 and 709:
529 which occurred under Anasazi in
Page 710 and 711:
vi. 531 the red rock country of Oak
Page 712 and 713:
some of the rooms of the site. In s
Page 714 and 715:
535 Slnagua site of any size* It Is
Page 716 and 717:
However, the transitional nature of
Page 718 and 719:
After 1050-1100, following the Meso
Page 720 and 721:
in all sites. The term Sinagua repr
Page 722 and 723:
5^3 one group. The Sinagua, and Wup
Page 724 and 725:
Anonymous Anonymous 1933-193^- Muse
Page 726 and 727:
Brew, J. 0. of Arizona, No. 1. Tucs
Page 728 and 729:
5^9 Monthlyo Vol. 5 2 » No. 4, pp.
Page 730 and 731:
Cummings, Byron 19^0 Klnishba. a Pr
Page 732 and 733:
Fewkes, J". W. 553 American Researc
Page 734 and 735:
. Gladwin, H. S., S. W. Haury, £<
Page 736 and 737:
557 Arizona. Unlverslty of Arizona
Page 738 and 739:
Howell, David National Museum• Pr
Page 740 and 741:
Southwestern Monuments Association.
Page 742 and 743:
Lehmer, D, J„ 563 19^+8 The Jorna
Page 744 and 745:
565 Museum, Fleldlana: Anthropology
Page 746 and 747:
Mindeleff, Victor I89I A Study of P
Page 748 and 749:
Nesbitt, P. H. 569 Northern Arizona
Page 750 and 751:
Rlnal&o, J. B. 1959 Foote Canyon Pu
Page 752 and 753:
Smiley, T. L. 1951 A Summary of Tre
Page 754 and 755:
Tower, D. B. for American Archaeolo
Page 756 and 757:
577 195^ Some Distrl"butions of Set
Page 759 and 760:
82 T A H 84 28. 97 > 98 99 HOPI / 2
Page 764:
N WUPATKI RUIN o 20 J 23) FEET ROCK
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